Relationship Between Physical Performance and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants with Normal Cognition vs Mild Cognitive Impairment

Variables	Normal Cognition	Mild Cognitive Impairment	P value
	(n=818)	(n=138)
Age (year)	72.00±5.03	75.86±6.45	<0.001
Female (%)	54.6	69.6	0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.62±3.49	23.82±3.51	0.535
IADL (score)	7.79±0.49	7.54±0.74	<0.001
MNA-SF (score)	12.80±1.40	12.67±1.41	0.325
GDS (score)	5.43±4.37	7.11±5.57	<0.001
Sleep duration (hour)	8.48±1.47	9.01±1.64	<0.001
IPAQ (Met/wk)	5150 (2079, 10,194)	3764 (1245, 8400)	0.012
Illiterate (%)	9.8	38.4	<0.001
Widow(%)	18.7	42.0	<0.001
Living alone (%)	15.5	30.4	<0.001
Farming (%)	50.9	68.6	0.055
Smoking (%)			0.112
Current smokers	16.2	13.0
Never smokers	66.6	75.4
Ever smokers	17.3	11.6
Drinking (%)			0.379
Daily drinkers	14.6	15.2
Occasional drinkers	14.5	14.5
Former drinkers	13.2	8.0
Never drinkers	57.7	62.3
Grip strength (kg)	23.54±8.91	18.60±9.04	<0.001
4-meter walking test (m/s)	1.11±0.23	0.94±0.26	<0.001
TUGT (s)	9.90±3.43	12.70±5.20	<0.001
Diseases (%)
Diabetes (%)	16.5	12.3	0.212
Hypertension (%)	61.9	75.4	0.002
Hyperlipidemia (%)	29.3	29.0	0.949
Gout (%)	6.4	6.5	0.944
Anemia (%)	4.5	7.2	0.172
Pulmonary disease (%)	8.3	8.0	0.890
Biliary tract disease (%)	14.6	18.1	0.281
Kidney disease (%)	12.0	8.0	0.169
Peptic ulcer (%)	15.1	11.6	0.284
Hepatic disease (%)	18.1	8.7	0.006
Heart disease (%)	33.2	41.3	0.063
Thyroid disease (%)	3.8	6.5	0.140
Osteoarthritis (%)	16.2	21.0	0.159
Cancer (%)	3.8	2.2	0.342

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MNA-SF, mini-nutritional assessment short-form; GDS, geriatric depression scale; IADL, instrumental activity of daily living; IPAQ, international physical activity questionnaires; TUGT, timed up and go test.

Table 2 Logstics Regression Analysis of Physical Performance and MCI

Variables	Unadjusted		Model 1		Model 2
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Grip strength	0.93 (0.91–0.95)	<0.001	0.95 (0.92–0.98)	0.001	0.96 (0.93–0.99)	0.015
TUGT	1.15 (1.10–1.21)	<0.001	1.11 (1.06–1.16)	<0.001	1.08 (1.03–1.13)	0.002
4-meter walking test	0.06 (0.03–0.13)	<0.001	0.15 (0.07–0.35)	<0.001	0.25 (0.10–0.64)	0.004

Notes: Model 1, adjusted for age, gender and BMI; Model 2, adjusted for age, gender, BMI, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, IADL, GDS, sleep duration, IPAQ, Illiterate, widow, living alone, job category, monthly income, intercourse of relatives, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, Hepatic disease.

Abbreviation: TUGT, timed up and go test.

Table 3 Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis of the Association Between Grip Strength and Cognitive Domains

Variables	Unadjusted		Model 1		Model 2
	β	P	β	P	β	P
MMSE score	0.298	<0.001	0.238	<0.001	0.120	0.002
MMSE subscores
Orientation to time	0.208	<0.001	0.162	<0.001	0.089	0.033
Orientation to place	0.262	<0.001	0.222	<0.001	0.064	0.113
Registration	0.131	<0.001	0.096	0.003	0.097	0.022
Attention and calculation	0.216	<0.001	0.180	<0.001	0.071	0.086
Recall	0.103	0.001	0.071	0.029	0.077	0.073
Language	0.282	<0.001	0.164	<0.001	0.121	<0.001

Notes: Model 1, adjusted for age, gender and BMI; Model 2, adjusted for age, gender, BMI, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, IADL, GDS, sleep duration, IPAQ, Illiterate, widow, living alone, job category, monthly income, intercourse of relatives, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, Hepatic disease.

Abbreviation: MMSE, Mini-mental State Examination.

Table 4 Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis of the Association Between TUGT and Cognitive Domains

Variables	Unadjusted		Model 1		Model 2
	β	P	β	P	β	P
MMSE score	−0.334	<0.001	−0.247	<0.001	−0.182	<0.001
MMSE subscores
Orientation to time	−0.209	<0.001	−0.141	<0.001	−0.103	0.003
Orientation to place	−0.237	<0.001	−0.168	<0.001	−0.126	<0.001
Registration	−0.213	<0.001	−0.173	<0.001	−0.133	<0.001
Attention and calculation	−0.229	<0.001	−0.173	<0.001	−0.134	<0.001
Recall	−0.140	<0.001	−0.097	0.004	−0.062	0.088
Language	−0.335	<0.001	−0.255	<0.001	−0.156	<0.001

Notes: Model 1, adjusted for age, gender and BMI; Model 2, adjusted for age, gender, BMI, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, IADL, GDS, sleep duration, IPAQ, Illiterate, widow, living alone, job category, monthly income, intercourse of relatives, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, Hepatic disease.

Abbreviation: MMSE, Mini-mental State Examination.

Table 5 Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis of the Association Between 4-Meter Walking Speed and Cognitive Domains

Variables	Unadjusted		Model 1		Model 2
	β	P	β	P	β	P
MMSE score	0.343	<0.001	0.219	<0.001	0.153	<0.001
MMSE subscores
Orientation to time	0.217	<0.001	0.121	<0.001	0.082	0.021
Orientation to place	0.236	<0.001	0.125	<0.001	0.078	0.023
Registration	0.190	<0.001	0.141	<0.001	0.096	0.008
Attention and calculation	0.234	<0.001	0.149	<0.001	0.109	0.002
Recall	0.144	<0.001	0.095	0.007	0.062	0.089
Language	0.359	<0.001	0.252	<0.001	0.154	<0.001

Notes: Model 1, adjusted for age, gender and BMI; Model 2, adjusted for age, gender, BMI, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, IADL, GDS, sleep duration, IPAQ, Illiterate, widow, living alone, job category, monthly income, intercourse of relatives, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, Hepatic disease.

Abbreviation: MMSE, Mini-mental State Examination.