Besides Sarcopenia, Pre-Sarcopenia Also Predicts All-Cause Mortality in Older Chileans

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic and Health Characteristics of the Study Sample by Sex

Variables	Men	Women	p-value	Total
	n=756	n=1555		n=2311
^aAge (years) Mean ± SD (95% CI)	69.2± 6.8 (68.7–69.6)	69.2 ± 6.9 (68.9–69.6)	0.8151	69.2±6.9 (68.9–69.5)
^bAge groups % (95% CI)
60–69.9 years	66.0 (62.5–69.4)	66.8 (64.3–69.1)	0.217	66.5 (64.5–68.4)
70–79. 9 years	26.6 (23.5–29.9)	24.1 (22.0–26.3)		24.9 (23.2–26.7)
≥ 80 years	7.4 (5.6–9.5)	9.1 (7.7–10.7)		8.6 (7.5–9.8)
^bLiving alone % (95% CI)	8.9 (6.9–11.2)	10.5 (9.0–12.1)	0.244	10.0 (8.8–11.3)
^cYears of education Median (95% CI)	6.0 (6–6)	6.0 (6–6)	0.3289	6.0 (6–6)
^bEducation > 8 years % (95% CI)	41.1 (37.4–44.9)	40.0 (37.4–42.6)	0.626	40.4 (38.3–42.5)
^cNumber of chronic diseases Median (95% CI)	1 (1–2)	2 (2–2)	<0.0001	2 (2–2)
^bNumber of chronic diseases % (95% CI)
0	20.9 (18.1–24.0)	13.4 (11.7–15.2)	<0.0001	15.8 (14.4–17.4)
1	32.3 (29.0–35.7)	27.5 (25.3–29.8)		29.1 (27.2–31.0)
2	27.4 (24.2–30.7)	26.9 (24.7–29.2)		27.0 (25.2–28.9)
≥ 3	19.4 (16.7–22.4)	32.2 (29.9–34.6)		28.0 (26.2–29.9)
^bADL limitation ≥ 1% (95% CI)	12.3 (10.0–149)	13.1 (11.4–14.8)	0.611	12.8 (11.5–14.2)
^bIADL limitation ≥ 1% (95% CI)	30.3 (27.0–33.7)	25.9 (23.8–28.2)	0.027	27.4 (25.5–29.2)
^bWeekly physical activity in last three months % (95% CI)
0	74.8 (71.5–77.9)	76.3 (74.0–78.4)	0.005	75.8 (74.0–77.5)
1–4	18.8 (16.1–21.8)	20.4 (18.4–22.5)		19.9 (18.2–21.6)
≥ 5	6.3 (4.7–8.3)	3.4 (2.5–4.4)		4.3 (3.5–5.3)
^bSmoking % (95% CI)
Never smoker	41.3 (37.6–45.0)	58.8 (56.3–61.3)	<0.0001	53.2 (51.1–55.3)
Current Smoker	46.8 (43.1–50.6)	31.3 (29.0–33.7)		36.3 (34.3–38.3)
Previous smoker	11.9 (9.6–14.5)	9.9 (8.4–11.5)		10.5 (9.3–11.9)

Notes: ^aTwo-sample mean-comparison test; ^bPearson Chi²; ^cMann–Whitney test.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.

Table 2 Descriptive Statistics of Anthropometry, Body Composition and Physical Performance of the Study Sample by Sex

Mean ± SD (95% CI)	Men	Women	p-value^a	Total
	n=756	n=1555		n=2311
Height (cm)	165.3 ± 6.7 (164.8–165.7)	151.1 ± 6.3 (150.8–151.4)	p<0.0001	155.7 ± 9.2 (155.4–156.1)
Weight (kg)	74.7 ± 13.0 (73.8–75.6)	66.3 ± 12.8 (65.7–67.0)	p<0.0001	69.1 ± 13.4 (68.5–69.6)
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.3 ± 4.2 (27.0–27.6)	29.0 ± 5.2 (28.8–29.3)	p<0.0001	28.5 ± 4.9 (28.3–28.7)
Knee Height (cm)	51.5 ± 2.7 (51.3–51.7)	46.8 ± 2.5 (46.7–46.9)	p<0.0001	48.3 ± 3.4 (48.2–48.5)
Mid-arm circumference (cm)	29.8 ± 3.8 (29.5–30.1)	30.3± 4.0 (30.1–30.5)	p<0.0001	30.1 ± 4.0 (30.0–30.3)
Calf circumference (cm)	36.1 ± 3.7 (35.8–36.4)	35.2 ± 3.8 (35.0–35.4)	p<0.0001	35.5 ± 3.8 (35.3–35.7)
Waist circumference (cm)	98.2 ± 10.2 (97.5–98.9)	94.1 ± 12.0 (93.5–94.7)	p<0.0001	95.4 ± 11.6 (97.5–98.9)
Hip circumference (cm)	101.7 ± 8.2 (10.1–102.3)	105.6± 10.9 (105.1–106.2)	p<0.0001	104.4 ± 10.3 (103.9–104.8)
SMI ≤ 5.88/7.45 kg/m^2	47.2 (43.6–50.9)	37.4 (35.0–39.9)	p<0.0001	40.6 (38.6–42.7)
<25p dynamometry (<27/15 kg)	19.3 (146) (16.6–22.3)	19.2 (298) (17.2–21.2)	0.932	19.2 (444) (17.6–20.9)
Bad physical performance	27.8 (24.6–31.1)	38.9 (36.5–41.4)	p<0.0001	35.3 (33.3–37.3)

Note: ^aTwo-sample mean-comparison test.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; 25p, 25th percentile.

Figure 1 Classification by stages of sarcopenia and sex.

Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier survival estimates by stages of sarcopenia and sex.

Notes: Log rank test for equality of survivor functions. (A) Men: chi²(1) = 19.91; p < 0.0001. (B) Women: chi²(1) = 47.15; p <0.0001

Table 3 Proportional Hazard Models for 15y Mortality Risk According to Sarcopenia

Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
	HR	HR	HR	HR	HR
	95% CI	95% CI	95% CI	95% CI	95% CI
Pre-sarcopenia	1.83	1.33	1.33	1.35	1.35
	1.46–2.28	1.06–1.67	1.02–1.74	1.03–1.78	1.03–1.78
Sarcopenia	2.31	1.41	1.42	1.41	1.39
	1.87–2.86	1.13–1.76	1.08–1.85	1.08–1.84	1.07–1.82
Groups of age
70–79 years		3.42	3.49	3.50	3.35
		2.77–4.24	2.81–4.33	2.81–4.35	2.70–4.18
80+ years		8.07	8.06	7.95	7.65
		6.30–10.35	6.23–10.42	6.13–10.30	5.90–9.93
Female		0.61	0.62	0.62	0.62
		0.50–0.73	0.51–0.75	0.51–0.75	0.51–0.76
Obese			1.06	1.04	1.02
			0.82–1.37	0.80–1.35	0.79–1.33
Physical activity
1–4				0.85	0.85
				0.67–1.08	0.67–1.08
5+				0.09	0.09
				0.01–0.63	0.01–0.62
Number of chronic diseases
1				0.93	0.93
				0.70–1.24	0.70–1.24
2				0.97	0.98
				0.72–1.30	0.73–1.32
3+				0.93	0.94
				0.69–1.25	0.70–1.27
Current Smoker					1.22
					0.90–1.64
Past Smoker					1.12
					0.91–1.37

Notes: Reference category of independent variables: non-sarcopenia; 60–69 years; men; non-obese; sedentary; 0 chronic disease; never smoker.

Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.