Somatotype and Its Impact on Asymptomatic Target Organ Damage in the Elderly Chinese: The Northern Shanghai Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Participants’ Characteristics

	All Participants (n=2098)
Demographic characteristics
Age, year	71.3±6.1
Male (%)	955 (46)
Anthropometric parameters
Body height, cm	160.3±8.3
Body weight, kg	62.7±10.7
BMI, kg/m^2	23.9±3.5
WC, cm	86.2±9.8
HC, cm	97.4±7.1
WHR	0.88±0.06
Underweight, n (%)	100 (4.8)
Overweight, n (%)	817 (38.9)
Obesity, n (%)	289 (13.8)
Asymptomatic target organ damage
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)	55.6±15.4
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	134.7±17.6
Left ventricular mass index, g/m^2	89.3±28.3
E/Ea^$(n=2038)	9.15±3.67
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, n (%)	161 (7.9)
Left ventricular hypertrophy, n (%)	537 (25.8)
Pulse wave velocity, m/s (n=2021)	9.32±2.29
Carotid Intima media thickness, mm	0.64±0.16
Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (n=2036)	60.67±165.8
Creatinine clearance rate, %	93.7±22.6
Metabolic parameters
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L	5.69±1.74
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	5.15±1.03
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.62±0.98
High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L	1.38±0.36
Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/L	3.18±0.87
Disease and treatment
Hypertension, n (%)	1117 (53.3)
Antihypertensive treatment, n (%)	1054 (50.2)
Diabetes, n (%)	402 (19.2)
Diet control for diabetes, n (%)	347 (16.5)
Anti-diabetes drug treatment, n (%)	326 (15.5)

Notes: Values are means ± standard deviations, respectively. ^$E = peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity; Ea = early diastolic lateral mitral annular velocity. Obesity was defined by body mass index (BMI, the ratio of body weight [kilogram] and body height [meter] square) was categorized as underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m²), normal (18.5 ≤ BMI <24 kg/m²), overweight (24 ≤ BMI <28 kg/m²), or obese (BMI ≥28 kg/m²).

Abbreviations: WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; WHR, waist–hip ratio.

Table 2 The Correlation Between Different Anthropometric Parameters and Target Organ Damage Parameters

Cardiac	BMI	WC	HC	WHR
	r	r	r	r
Left atrium volume index, mL/m^2	0.19***	0.21***	0.19***	0.14***
Left ventricular mass index, g/m^2	0.21***	0.24***	0.22***	0.16***
E/Ea^$	0.11***	0.06*	0.07**	0.04
Vascular
Pulse wave velocity, m/s	0.16***	0.21***	0.16***	0.17***
Intima media thickness, mm	0.05*	0.10***	0.08***	0.08***
Renal
Urine albumin/creatinine ratio	−0.05*	−0.08***	−0.05*	−0.08***
Creatinine clearance rate, %	0.09***	0.08***	0.06**	0.06**

Notes: Creatinine clearance rate was calculated as original CKD-EPI equation. ^$E = peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity; Ea = early diastolic lateral mitral annular velocity. #Central blood pressures were measured by the SphygmoCor through radial pulse wave recording with the help of the inbuilt transfer function. *p<0.05;**p<0.01; ***p<0.001.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; WHR, waist–hip ratio.

Table 3 Target Organ Damage According to Participants’ Somatotype

	Underweight (n= 100)	Normal (n= 892)	Overweight (n= 817)	Obesity (n= 289)	p
Cardiac
Left ventricular mass index, g/m^2	71.8±24.6*	86.4±25.7	91.3±28.8	98.9±31.4*	<0.001
E/Ea^$	8.12±3.9*	8.85±3.3	9.42±3.9	9.67±3.9*	<0.001
Vascular
Pulse wave velocity, m/s	8.39±2.2*	9.07±2.2	9.51±2.4*	9.84±2.1*	<0.001
Intima media thickness, mm	0.63±0.2	0.63±0.2	0.65±0.2	0.64±0.2	0.22
Renal
Urine albumin/creatinine ratio	0.67±0.6	0.80±1.3	1.05±1.8	1.58±6.2*	<0.001
Creatinine clearance rate, %	96.1±20.5	95.1±22.5	92.2±22.8	92.7±22.8	0.03

Notes: General linear model was applied to investigate the associations of target organ damage with somatotype, after adjustment for age and male gender, and DUNCAN multiple range test were applied for the comparisons among different somatotype, respectively. *p<0.05, comparing with normal weight by using DUNCAN multiple range test. Creatinine clearance rate was calculated as MDRD formula. ^$E = peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity; Ea = early diastolic lateral mitral annular velocity.

Figure 1 Incidence of LVH, LVDD, artery stiffness in different somatotype.

Abbreviations: LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

Table 4 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis on the Association of Target Organ Damage with Somatotype

	Underweight (n= 100)	Normal (n= 892)	Overweight (n= 817)	Obesity (n= 289)
Cardiac TOD	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]
LVH	0.47 [0.24, 0.90]*	Reference	1.20 [0.95, 1.51]	2.05 [1.52, 2.78]*
LVDD	1.37 [0.56, 3.33]	Reference	1.78 [1.20, 2.65]*	2.51 [1.57, 4.02]*
Vascular TOD
Artery stiffness	0.69 [0.38, 1.26]	Reference	1.16 [0.91, 1.46]	1.65 [1.20, 2.52]*
Carotid arterial plaque	0.60 [0.39, 0.94]*	Reference	0.82 [0.66, 1.01]	0.79 [0.59, 1.06]
Renal TOD
Microalbuminuria	1.61 [1.04, 2.50]*	Reference	1.31 [1.07, 1.60]*	1.39 [1.05, 1.84]*
CKD	1.12 [0.39, 3.28]	Reference	1.29 [0.97, 2.12]	1.57 [0.81, 3.04]

Notes: Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to investigate the association of TOD with somatotype, after adjustment for age, male gender, mean arterial pressure, fasting plasma glucose, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, glomerular filtration rate. Odd ratio (OR) value and 95% confidence interval (CI) were present. *Indicating significantly and independently correlation of TOD with somatotype, taking normal somatotype as reference.

Abbreviations: LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; CKD, chronic kidney dysfunction; TOD, target organ damage.

Figure 2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis on the association of target organ damage with somatotype (normal somatotype as reference); *p<0.05.

Abbreviations: LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

Figure 3 Sexual differently incidence of LVH, LVDD, artery stiffness in different somatotype.

Abbreviations: LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.