Effects of ICT-Based Multicomponent Program on Body Composition and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Information and communication technology (ICT)-based multicomponent program. (A) ICT-based bicycle. (B) Arithmetic-operation training. (C) Fruit-picking training. (D) Puzzle-solving training.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics in Terms of Socio-Demographic and Physical Characteristics

	Group
	Control (n=10)	Exercise (n=10)	P
Socio-demographic
Age (year)	64.70 ± 6.83	68.32 ± 6.32	0.41
Male, n (%)	1 (10%)	2 (20%)	0.14
Education level (year)	9 ± 4	7 ± 3	0.45
Smoking, n (%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	-
Alcohol drinking, n (%)	3 (30%)	4 (40%)	0.66
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	135.70 ± 15.24	117.75 ± 17.58	0.25
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	81.55 ± 9.80	69.35 ± 11.19	0.19
Physical characteristics
Height (cm)	158.05 ± 7.00	156.69 ± 4.10	0.60
Weight (kg)	54.88 ± 7.51	62.21 ± 7.16	0.04*
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	21.98 ± 2.70	25.34 ± 2.90	0.02*
Skeletal muscle mass (kg)	20.56 ± 2.67	20.90 ± 2.30	0.76
Fat mass (%)	30.82 ± 6.81	37.66 ± 6.65	0.04*

Notes: Values are in terms of mean ± SD. *Significantly different from group: P<0.05.

Figure 2 Changes in modified skeletal muscle mass at 12 weeks between control and exercise groups. *Significant difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention (P<.05); †Significant difference between time-by-group (P<.05).

Table 2 Changes in Body Composition Measurements and Physical Functions at Baseline and After 12 Weeks for Exercise and Control Groups

Variables	Group	Pre	Post	%diff	P
Weight (kg)	Control	54.88 ± 7.51	55.52 ± 7.50	1.17	0.58
	Exercise	62.21 ± 7.16	62.62 ± 6.79	0.66
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	Control	21.98 ± 2.70	22.19 ± 2.63	0.96	0.92
	Exercise	25.34 ± 2.90	25.53 ± 2.86	0.77
Skeletal muscle mass (kg)	Control	20.56 ± 2.67	20.44 ± 2.53	−0.58	0.01†
	Exercise	20.90 ± 2.30	21.35 ± 2.33	2.15*
%fat (%)	Control	30.82 ± 6.81	30.34 ± 6.65	−1.56	0.09
	Exercise	37.66 ± 6.65	36.04 ± 6.71	−4.30*
SPPB (score)	Control	12.00 ± 0.00	11.80 ± 0.63	−1.67	0.11
	Exercise	11.50 ± 0.85	11.80 ± 0.63	2.61
Timed up and go (sec)	Control	5.87 ± 1.03	5.80 ± 0.91	−1.18	0.54
	Exercise	6.02 ± 1.12	5.79 ± 0.94	−3.85
Right grip strength (kg)	Control	23.02 ± 3.29	23.10 ± 3.87	0.37	0.93
	Exercise	24.04 ± 5.49	24.20 ± 5.86	0.67
Left grip strength (kg)	Control	20.41 ± 3.33	20.38 ± 3.51	−0.15	0.89
	Exercise	21.83 ± 5.93	21.62 ± 7.63	−0.94

Notes: Values are in terms of mean ± SD. *Significantly different from pre-intervention and post-intervention: P<0.05, ^†Significantly different from group and time: P<0.05.

Abbreviation: SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery.

Figure 3 Changes in modified ADAS-Cog score at 12 weeks between control and exercise groups. *Significant difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention (P<.05); †Significant difference between time-by-group (P<.05).

Table 3 Changes in Measurements of Cognitive Functions at Baseline and After 12 Weeks for Exercise and Control Groups

Variables	Group	Pre	Post	%diff	P
Modified ADAS-Cog (score)	Control	13.10 ± 3.70	12.80 ± 4.37	−2.29	0.01†
	Exercise	14.70 ± 5.01	10.20 ± 4.05	3.61*
K-MMSE (score)	Control	26.80 ± 1.69	27.00 ± 2.31	0.75	1.00
	Exercise	26.30 ± 2.11	26.50 ± 2.32	0.76
Digit span F+B (score)	Control	10.00 ± 2.40	9.60 ± 2.72	−4.00	0.87
	Exercise	9.60 ± 2.01	9.30 ± 2.79	−3.12
COWAT animal (score)	Control	15.30 ± 3.43	15.50 ± 4.12	1.31	0.24
	Exercise	14.60 ± 3.44	12.80 ± 3.82	−12.33
COWAT ㄱ,ㅇ,ㅅ (score)	Control	26.60 ± 9.82	31.10 ± 13.25	16.92	0.65
	Exercise	21.90 ± 7.40	25.20 ± 7.44	15.07
Digit Symbol (score)	Control	49.70 ± 18.04	53.40 ± 20.72	7.44	0.77
	Exercise	39.20 ± 11.75	43.50 ± 14.01	10.97*
Stroop word (score)	Control	110.80 ± 1.69	109.70 ± 5.58	−0.99	0.64
	Exercise	111.30 ± 1.34	111.00 ± 2.31	−0.27
Stroop color (score)	Control	95.70 ± 22.16	96.80 ± 22.63	1.15	0.70
	Exercise	94.00 ± 17.49	93.70 ± 22.35	−0.32
SGDS-K (score)	Control	2.90 ± 2.42	2.00 ± 2.75	−31.03	0.87
	Exercise	3.80 ± 3.19	2.60 ± 3.27	−31.58

Notes: Values are in terms of mean ± SD. *Significantly different from pre-intervention and post-intervention: P<0.05, ^†Significantly different from group and time: P<0.05.

Abbreviations: Modified ADAS-cog, Modified Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale–Cognitive subscale; K-MMSE, Korean mini-mental state examination; Digit span F+B, Digit span test forward/backward; COWAT, Controlled oral word association test; DSC, Digit symbol coding; Stroop, Korean-color word Stroop test; SGDS-K, Korean version of geriatric depression scale–short form.