Remdesivir, Renal Function and Short-Term Clinical Outcomes in Elderly COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients: A Single-Centre Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of the Study Cohort and Control Group at Hospital Admission

	Study Cohort n = 80	Controls n = 29	p value
Age (years)	79 [73, 85]	56 [50, 60]	< 0.0001
Male (n, %)	42, 52.5	24, 82.7	0.0043
Type 2 diabetes (n, %)	22, 27.5	6, 20.7	0.4721
Hypertension (n, %)	46, 57.5	10, 34.5	0.0336
Heart failure (n, %)	9; 11.2	0	0.0593
Atrial fibrillation (n, %)	16, 20.0	0	0.0091
ASCVD (n, %)	19, 23.7	4, 13.8	0.2602
ACEi/ARB (n, %)	40, 50.0	9, 31.0	0.0786
Statins (n, %)	21, 26.2	6, 20.7	0.5523
Antithrombotic therapy (n, %)	41, 51.2	5, 17.2	0.0015
eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m^2 (n, %)	37, 46.2	5, 17.2	0.0060
Random plasma glucose (mg/dl)	128 [113, 170]	156 [130, 194]	0.0137
Serum creatinine (mg/dl)	1.0 [0.8, 1.3]	1.0 [0.8, 1.2]	0.5606
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	60.2 ± 18.8	81.2 ± 20.4	< 0.0001
Serum Na^2+ (mEq/l)	137 [135, 140]	136 [134, 139]	0.1088
Serum K^+ (mEq/l)	4.1 ± 0.5	4.0 ± 0.6	0.7600
BUN (mmol/l)	23 [18, 32]	18 [15, 21]	0.0009
CRP (mg/dl)	6.4 [2.3, 12.5]	6.1 [2.1, 10.0]	0.5432
IL-6 (pg/mL)	19.6 [6.8, 30.0]	20.7 [13.4, 31.6]	0.5595
Ferritin (μg/l)	513 [226, 816]	731 [304, 1089]	0.1317
Fibrinogen (mg/dl)	503 ± 143	485 ± 150	0.7154
D-dimer (mg/l)	0.4 [0.3, 0.9]	0.3 [0.2, 0.4]	0.0020
HS Troponine (ng/l)	20 [10, 35]	7 [7, 12]	<0.0001
BNP (pg/mL)	62 [37, 187]	18 [10, 44]	<0.0001
pH	7.46 [7.44, 7.49]	7.47 [7.45, 7.50]	0.5394
PaO2 (mmHg)	61 [53, 72]	61 [54, 72]	0.8158
PaCO2 (mmHg)	34 [31, 38]	32 [30, 36]	0.3019
HCO^3- (mmol/l)	25.1 ± 3.2	25.0 ± 2.5	0.7704
PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) (mmHg)	278 [237, 316]	283 [250, 330]	0.4346

Notes: Wilcoxon/Kruskal–Wallis Tests (Rank Sums). Statistically significant differences are in bold.

Table 2 Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of the Study Cohort According to Clinical Outcome

	Discharged n = 66	Deceased n = 14	p value
Age (years)	78 [72, 84]	82 [78, 90]	0.0218
Male (n, %)	32, 48.5	10, 71.4	0.1184
Type 2 diabetes (n, %)	18, 27.2	4, 28.5	0.9213
Hypertension (n, %)	39, 59.0	7, 50.0	0.5320
Heart failure (n, %)	8, 12.1	1, 7.1	0.5923
Atrial fibrillation (n, %)	11, 16.6	5, 35.7	0.1056
ASCVD (n, %)	15, 22.7	4, 28.5	0.6407
ACEi/ARB (n, %)	33, 50.0	7, 50.0	1.000
Statins (n, %)	17, 25.6	4, 28.5	0.8279
Antithrombotic therapy (n, %)	32, 48.5	9, 64.3	0.2827
eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m^2 (n, %)	27, 41.0	10, 71.4	0.0375
Random plasma glucose (mg/dl)	124 [107, 171]	138 [126, 180]	0.1246
Serum creatinine (mg/dl)	1.0 [0.8, 1.2]	1.2 [1.0, 1.5]	0.0250
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	62.3 ± 18.2	50.3 ± 19.3	0.0299
Serum Na^2+ (mEq/l)	138 [135, 140]	137 [134, 143]	0.9554
Serum K^+ (mEq/l)	4.0 ± 0.5	4.2 ± 0.5	0.4809
BUN (mmol/l)	22 [18, 27]	31 [18, 39]	0.0886
CRP (mg/dl)	5.5 [2.1, 12.3]	9.2 [5.0, 17.0]	0.0530
IL-6 (pg/mL)	19.6 [6.8, 29.6]	18.6 [7.4, 32.5]	0.8098
Ferritin (μg/l)	439 [210, 816]	690 [335, 1188]	0.2594
Fibrinogen (mg/dl)	487 ± 142	581 ± 126	0.0249
D-dimer (mg/l)	0.5 [0.3, 0.9]	0.4 [0.3, 1.3]	0.6239
HS Troponine (ng/l)	25.1 ± 23.1	31.2 ± 17.8	0.4027
BNP (pg/mL)	173 ± 276	149 ± 137	0.7671
pH	7.46 ± 0.05	7.46 ± 0.03	0.9832
PaO2 (mmHg)	69.7 ± 22.4	67.5 ± 37.7	0.2274
PaCO2 (mmHg)	34.6 ± 5.0	33.2 ± 7.4	0.3194
HCO^3- (mmol/l)	25.4 ± 3.0	23.4 ± 3.4	0.0400
PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) (mmHg)	281 [240, 329]	252 [201, 290]	0.0623

Notes: Wilcoxon/Kruskal–Wallis Tests (Rank Sums). Statistically significant differences are in bold.

Table 3 Matrix of Univariate Correlations Between Variables of Interest in Elderly Discharged (A) and Deceased (B) Patients

(A)	Age	RPG	HbA1c	eGFR	CRP	IL-6	Fibr	HS TnT
P/F	−0.028	−0.375	0.001	0.113	−0.333	0.175	−0.141	0.118
HS TnT	0.429	−0.001	−0.384	−0.368	0.164	0.334	0.233	–
Fibrinogen	0.032	0.372	−0.019	−0.128	0.600	0.426	–	–
IL-6	−0.025	0.125	0.243	−0.231	0.306	–	–	–
CRP	0.104	0.333	−0.153	−0.156	–	–	–	–
eGFR	−0.339	−0.248	−0.103	–	–	–	–	–
HbA1c	−0.471	0.549	–	–	–	–	–	–
RPG	0.205	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
(B)	Age	RPG	HbA1c	eGFR	CRP	IL-6	Fibr	HS TnT
P/F	−0.063	−0.149	−0.379	−0.008	−0.036	0.482	−0.347	0.038
HS TnT	0.475	0.084	0.974	−0.234	0.081	0.079	0.211	–
Fibrinogen	0.042	0.308	−0.683	−0.255	0.348	−0.223	–	–
IL-6	0.067	−0.452	−1.000	−0.252	0.205	–	–	–
CRP	0.146	0.201	0.696	−0.545	–	–	–	–
eGFR	−0.517	−0.269	−0.869	–	–	–	–	–
HbA1c	−0.666	0.990	–	–	–	–	–	–
RPG	−0.188	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

Notes: HbA1c available only in T2D individuals (n=22). ρ values with p<0.05 are shown in bold.

Figure 1 Glomerular function of the study cohort of elderly patients in relation to clinical outcome. Data are shown as mean±SE.

Table 4 Univariate and Multivariate Analysis in the Whole Cohort of Elderly Patients (n=80)

Variable	Univariate			Multivariate
	OR	CI	p	OR	CI	p
Age	1.102	1.015–1.196	0.021
Sex	2.656	0.756–9.327	0.127
Hospital stay	0.939	0.864–1.019	0.131
Hypertension	0.692	0.218–2.202	0.533
Heart failure	0.558	0.064–4.856	0.597
ASCVD	1.360	0.373–4.963	0.642
Atrial fibrillation	2.778	0.780–9.896	0.115
Type 2 diabetes	1.067	0.297–3.836	0.921
CKD ≥stage 3	1.870	0.584–5.985	0.292
PaO2/FiO2 (P/F)	0.990	0.980–1.000	0.061
BNP	1.000	0.997–1.002	0.763
HS Troponine	1.011	0.985–1.037	0.403
Ferritin	1.001	0.999–1.002	0.323
CRP	1.099	1.013–1.193	0.024	1.038	0.938–1.149	0.471
IL-6	1.002	0.944–1.063	0.960
Fibrinogen	1.005	1.000–1.010	0.030	1.003	0.998–1.009	0.230
D-dimer	1.045	0.824–1.326	0.715
Serum Na^2+	0.967	0.918–1.019	0.212
Serum K^+	1.924	0.711–5.207	0.198
Random plasma glucose	1.003	0.994–1.012	0.473
eGFR at admission	0.963	0.929–0.998	0.036	0.971	0.934–1.009	0.139
ΔeGFR	10.266	0.019–3.707	0.324

Note: Statistically significant differences are in bold.