A randomized controlled trial of Tai chi for balance, sleep quality and cognitive performance in elderly Vietnamese

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the study sample

Characteristics	Number (percentage)
Marital status (for both groups)
Living with other		24 (25)
Married		53 (55.2)
Widowed		13 (13.5)
Single		1 (1.0)
Not say		5 (5.2)
Education (yrs)
5–9		24 (25)
10–12		45 (49.6)
>12		27 (28.1)
	Tai chi group		Control group
Number of participants	48		48
Male	24		24
Female	24		24
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age	69.23	5.30	68.73	4.95
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.14	1.38	24.42	0.71
WHR (cm)	0.94	0.06	0.95	0.03

Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; WHR, Waist Hip Ratio.

Table 2 One-way ANOVA between Tai chi and control groups at baseline

Dependent variables	Mean ± SD		F (1, 94)	Significance*
	Tai chi (n = 48)	Control (n = 48)
PSQI	9.38 ± 4.99	8.06 ± 4.09	1.985	0.162
FES	54.71 ± 8.37	51.56 ± 8.21	3.453	0.066
TMT
Part A	45.40 ± 6.78	45.04 ± 5.33	0.081	0.777
Part B	117.06 ± 6.74	119.25 ± 7.82	2.152	0.146

Note:

* Determined by ANOVA.

Abbreviations: PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; FES, the Falls Efficacy Scale; TMT, Trail Making Test.

Table 3 One-way ANOVA between Tai chi and control groups at end test

Dependent variables	Mean ± SD		F (1, 71)	Significance*
	Tai chi (n = 39)	Control (n = 34)
PSQI	3.59 ± 1.56	7.97 ± 3.78	43.69	0.000
FES	35.20 ± 5.89	51.35 ± 8.06	96.90	0.000
TMT
Part A	35.05 ± 4.31	44.24 ± 4.54	78.37	0.000
Part B	102.05 ± 5.01	118.32 ± 6.36	175.90	0.000

Note:

* Determined by ANOVA.

Abbreviations: PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; FES, the Falls Efficacy Scale; TMT, Trail Making Test.

Table 4 General linear model-repeated measures of variables

Measurement	MS	df	F	Significance	(η)
PSQI (total) 246.27	1.145, 142	49.50§	0.000	0.411
	129.22	1.145, 142	25.97§§	0.000	0.268
FES	2189.15	1.659, 142	310.63§	0.000	0.814
	2329.40	1.659, 142	329.18§§	0.000	0.823
TMT
Part A	764.37	1.449, 142	208.87§	0.000	0.746
	613.68	1.449, 142	171.74§§	0.000	0.708
Part B	1686.37	1.357, 142	435.65§	0.000	0.860
	1601.50	1.357, 142	413.73§§	0.000	0.854

Notes:

§ Test time;

§§ Test time*group; η = Eta squared.

Abbreviations: PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; FES, the Falls Efficacy Scale; TMT, Trail Making Test.

Figure 1 Mean of PSQI at three test times.

Figure 2 Mean of FES at three test times.

Figure 3 Mean of TMT of part A at three test times.

Figure 4 Mean of TMT of part B at three test times.