Association Between Lipid Accumulation Product and Target Organ Damage in Elderly Population: The Northern Shanghai Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of Participants

	Overall (n=3363)	Q1(LAP<21.45, n=874)	Q2(21.45≤LAP<35.48, n=827)	Q3(35.28≤LAP<55.48, n=832)	Q4(LAP≥55.48, n=830)	P
Age (years)	71.1±6.0	71.1±6.1	71.0±5.8	71.0±6.1	71.3±6.0	0.79
Male, n (%)	1467(43.63)	472(54.00)	389(47.04)	319(38.34)	287(34.58)	<0.001
Hypertension, n (%)	2220(66.01)	459(52.52)	538(65.05)	596(71.63)	627(75.54)	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	756(22.48)	148(16.93)	169(20.44)	175(21.03)	264(31.81)	<0.001
Smoking habit, n (%)	833(24.77)	249(28.49)	215(26.00)	179(21.51)	190(22.89)	0.004
Family history of premature CVD, n (%)	722(21.47)	176(20.14)	183(22.13)	170(20.43)	193(23.25)	0.36
SBP (mmHg)	135.5±17.2	130.5±17.1	135.4±16.7	136.8±16.1	139.5±17.5	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	79.2±9.6	77.0±9.0	78.8±9.2	80.7±9.9	80.6±10.1	<0.001
WC (cm)	86.6±9.9	77.5±7.9	85.0±6.6	89.6±7.1	94.5±8.6	<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	24.6±3.6	21.2±2.8	23.5±2.5	25.0±2.8	26.7±3.7	<0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	5.8±1.8	5.5±1.6	5.7±1.6	5.8±1.7	6.2±2.0	<0.001
TC (mmol/L)	5.1±1.0	4.8±1.0	5.0±1.0	5.2±0.9	5.4±1.1	<0.001
HDL-C(mmol/L)	1.40±0.37	1.62±0.40	1.45±0.34	1.34±0.31	1.19±0.26	<0.001
LDL-C(mmol/L)	3.1±0.9	2.86±0.81	3.13±0.85	3.26±0.85	3.28±1.02	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.6±1.0	0.9±0.3	1.3±0.3	1.6±0.4	2.7±1.5	<0.001
Antihypertension agents, n (%)	1682(50.01)	324(37.07)	407(49.21)	452(54.33)	499(60.12)	<0.001
LVH, n (%)	807(24.00)	151(17.28)	177(21.40)	217(26.08)	262(31.57)	<0.001
AS, n (%)	1075(31.97)	203(23.22)	254(30.71)	271(32.57)	347(41.80)	<0.001
LEA, n (%)	436(12.96)	99(11.33)	80(9.67)	110(13.22)	147(17.71)	<0.001
MAU, n (%)	1722(51.20)	423(48.40)	389(47.03)	427(51.32)	483(58.19)	<0.001
CKD, n (%)	304(9.03)	71(8.12)	56(6.77)	73(8.77)	104(12.53)	<0.001
ABI	1.03±0.12	1.04±0.12	1.04±0.11	1.02±0.13	1.00±0.13	<0.001
LVMI(g/m^2)	87.8±28.5	82.7±26.7	86.7±26.7	89.5±29.8	92.3±29.9	<0.001
Cf-PWV (m/s)	9.33±2.29	8.81±2.26	9.18±2.20	9.42±2.17	9.92±2.41	<0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73/m^2)	85.1±20.0	87.3±17.7	86.5±22.7	84.5±19.1	82.1±19.8	<0.001
Log (UACR) (mg/g)	3.46±1.13	3.34±1.07	3.33±1.12	3.45±1.16	3.70±1.12	<0.001
LAP	43.5±36.0	13.5±5.7	28.2±4.0	43.9±5.7	88.1±44.6	<0.001

Note: Quantitative variables are shown as mean±SD, and qualitative parameters are presented as numbers with the percentage in parentheses.

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting glucose; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; AS, arterial stiffness; LEA, lower extremity atherosclerotic; MAU, micro-albuminuria; CKD, chronic kidney disease; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; cf-PWV, carotid to femoral aortic pulse wave velocity; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urine albumin to creatinine ratio; LAP, lipid accumulation product.

Table 2 Age-Sex Adjusted Partial Correlation of LAP with CVD Risk Factors

	LAP
	r	P
BMI	0.46	<0.001
SBP	0.17	<0.001
DBP	0.13	<0.001
FPG	0.88	<0.001
TC	0.19	<0.001
HDL-C	0.03	0.09
LDL-C	−0.44	<0.001

Abbreviations: LAP, lipid accumulation product; CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting glucose; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 3 Univariate Logistic Regression for Risk of TOD According to LAP Quartiles

	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	P for tread
LVH	1	1.31(1.03–1.67)	1.70(1.34–2.15)	2.22(1.76–2.79)	<0.001
AS	1	1.47(1.18–1.83)	1.59(1.28–1.98)	2.37(1.91–2.93)	<0.001
LEA	1	0.84(0.61–1.15)	1.19(0.89–1.59)	1.69(1.28–2.22)	<0.001
MAU	1	0.95(0.78–1.15)	1.13(0.93–1.36)	1.49(1.22–1.80)	<0.001
CKD	1	0.83(0.58–1.20)	1.11(0.78–1.56)	1.65(1.20–2.26)	<0.001

Abbreviations: TOD, target organ damage; LAP, lipid accumulation product; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; AS, arterial stiffness; LEA, lower extremity atherosclerotic; MAU, micro-albuminuria; CKD, chronic kidney disease.

Table 4 Multivariable Logistic Regression for Risk of TOD According to LAP Quartiles

	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	P for tread
LVH	1	1.02(0.78–1.34)	1.10(0.82–1.47)	1.19(0.85–1.65)	0.25
AS	1	1.31(1.02–1.70)	1.39(1.05–1.85)	1.88(1.37–2.58)	<0.001
LEA	1	0.64(0.45–0.90)	0.79(0.55–1.12)	0.87(0.58–1.29)	0.96
MAU	1	0.91(0.73–1.13)	1.06(0.84–1.36)	1.33(1.01–1.75)	0.02
CKD	1	1.35(0.83–2.19)	1.78(1.08–2.92)	2.39(1.39–4.12)	<0.001

Note: Adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, use of antihypertensive, diabetes, BMI, smoking habit, HDL-C, LDL-C, family history of premature CVD.

Abbreviations: TOD, target organ damage; LAP, lipid accumulation product; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; AS, arterial stiffness; LEA, lower extremity atherosclerotic; MAU, micro-albuminuria; CKD, chronic kidney disease; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CVD, cardiovascular disease.

Figure 1 Univariate logistic regression for risk of TOD according to the 1 SD increasement of the LAP. For participants with 1-SD increasement of LAP, they have significant added risk of LVH, AS, LEA, CKD, MAU.

Abbreviations: TOD, target organ damage; SD, standard deviation; LAP, lipid accumulation product; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; AS, arterial stiffness; LEA, lower extremity atherosclerotic; MAU, micro-albuminuria; CKD, chronic kidney disease.

Figure 2 Multivariate logistic regression for risk of TOD according to the 1 SD increasement of the LAP. For participants with 1-SD increasement of LAP, they have significant added risk of AS, CKD, MAU; but not LVH or LEA. Adjusted age, sex, hypertension, use of antihypertensive, diabetes, BMI, smoking habit, HDL-C, LDL-C, family history of premature CVD.

Abbreviations: TOD, target organ damage; SD, standard deviation; LAP, lipid accumulation product; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; AS, arterial stiffness; LEA, lower extremity atherosclerotic; MAU, micro-albuminuria; CKD, chronic kidney disease; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CVD, cardiovascular disease.