Effectiveness of cognitive training for Chinese elderly in Hong Kong

Figures & data

Figure 1 Procedure for subject recruitment.

Abbreviation: DECCs, district elderly community centers.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

	M (SD)/N (%)			P value
	Overall (N = 176)	Intervention group (N = 86)	Control group (N = 90)
Age	75.41 (7.31)	77.41 (6.75)	73.50 (7.35)	0.001
Sex				0.469
Male	26 (14.8%)	11 (12.8%)	15 (16.7%)
Female	150 (85.2%)	75 (87.2%)	75 (83.3%)
Education in years	3.56 (3.77)	2.92 (3.36)	4.17 (4.05)	0.058
Marital status				0.628
Single	6 (3.4%)	4 (4.7%)	2 (2.2%)
Married	70 (39.8%)	37 (43.0%)	33 (36.7%)
Remarried	1 (0.6%)	0 (0%)	1 (1.1%)
Divorced	2 (1.1%)	1 (1.2%)	1 (1.1%)
Separated	1 (0.6%)	0 (0%)	1 (1.1%)
Widowed	96 (54.5%)	44 (51.2%)	52 (57.8%)
Living arrangement				0.946
Alone	63 (35.8%)	31 (36%)	32 (35.6%)
Not alone	113 (64.2%)	55 (64%)	58 (64.4%)
Number of people living together (including self)	1.98 (1.03)	1.88 (0.90)	2.18 (1.13)	0.391
Maid				0.357
Full time	7 (4.0%)	3 (3.5%)	4 (4.4%)
Part time	2 (1.1%)	0 (0%)	2 (2.2%)
Without maid	167 (94.9%)	83 (96.5%)	84 (93.3%)
Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA)				0.015
With CSSA	34 (19.3%)	23 (26.7%)	11 (12.2%)
Without CSSA	142 (80.7%)	63 (73.3%)	79 (87.8%)
CMMSE	25.92 (2.30)	25.74 (2.27)	26.09 (2.33)	0.322

Abbreviations: CMMSE, Cantonese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination; M, mean value; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Outcome measures of participants

	Intervention group (N = 86)			Control group (N = 90)			P value
	Pretest (M/SD)	Posttest (M/SD)	Difference (ΔM/SD)	Pretest (M/SD)	Posttest (M/SD)	Difference (ΔM/SD)
Total adjusted CDRS	145.68 (14.42)	157.92 (8.19)	12.24 (11.57)	152.80 (10.73)	157.17 (8.23)	4.37 (7.99)	<0.001
Attention	33.11 (2.82)	34.64 (1.88)	1.52 (3.03)	34.00 (2.84)	34.56 (1.81)	0.56 (2.87)	0.003
Initiation/perseveration	43.88 (6.03)	46.20 (4.59)	2.33 (5.07)	45.76 (4.84)	46.39 (3.95)	0.63 (4.55)	0.013
Construction	5.17 (1.32)	5.38 (1.23)	0.21 (0.93)	5.53 (0.95)	5.30 (1.25)	−0.23 (1.17)	0.028
Conceptualization	27.56 (5.80)	33.21 (2.83)	5.65 (5.70)	31.62 (3.92)	33.71 (3.42)	2.09 (4.62)	<0.001
Memory	29.45 (3.69)	31.71 (2.67)	2.26 (3.03)	30.06 (3.52)	31.38 (2.59)	1.78 (2.94)	0.015
Total SF12	88.62 (13.88)	96.44 (13.67)	7.82 (13.19)	94.24 (14.66)	97.42 (14.25)	3.18 (11.61)	0.014
SF12-physical	38.95 (10.29)	39.23 (11.28)	0.28 (10.45)	42.76 (10.03)	42.85 (9.23)	0.09 (9.62)	0.736
SF12-mental	49.66 (11.54)	57.20 (9.23)	7.54 (10.88)	51.48 (11.14)	54.56 (9.02)	3.08 (10.16)	0.005

Abbreviations: CDRS, Chinese version of Mattis Dementia Rating Scale; M, mean value; SD, standard deviation; ΔM, mean difference.