Effectiveness and safety of citicoline in mild vascular cognitive impairment: the IDEALE study

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical use of citicoline

• Cerebrovascular disease • Head trauma of varying degrees • Cognitive disorders of diverse etiology • Glaucoma • Ambliopia • Parkinson’s disease

Table 2 Main characteristics in the cohort studied

Citicoline group	Non treated group	P
• 265 pts	• 84 pts
• Mean age 79.9 ± 7.8 years old (range 65–94)	• Mean age 78.9 ± 7.01 years old (range 67–90)	ns
• 122 men (46.1%), 143 women (53.9%)	• 36 men (42.8%), 48 women (57.2%)	ns
• Education 6.1 ± 3.8 years	• Education 5.9 ± 2.6 years	ns
• Smokers (5.6%)	• Smokers (6.1%)	ns
• ADL 4.0 ± 1.8	• ADL 4.1 ± 1.6	ns
• IADL 5.6 ± 1.2	• IADL 5.7 ± 2.3	ns
• GDS 5.6 ± 2.2	• GDS 5.8 ± 1.4	ns
• CIRS 3.2 ± 1.3	• CIRS 3.4 ± 1.8	ns
• NPI 8.4 ± 4.5	• NPI 9.2 ± 2.1	ns
• Comorbidities	• Comorbidities
– Hypertension (75%)	– Hypertension (77%)	ns
– Osteoarthritis (72%)	– Osteoarthritis (70%)	ns
– Heart disease (43%)	– Heart disease (38%)	ns
– Diabetes (35%)	– Diabetes (37%)	ns
– COPD (15%)	– COPD (18%)	ns
– Depression (20%)	– Depression (23%)	ns
– Stroke (15%)	– Stroke (11%)	ns
• Drugs	• Drugs
– Cardiovascular drugs* (84%)	– Cardiovascular drugs* (81%)	ns
– NSAIDs** (48%)	– NSAIDs** (52%)	ns
– Antidiabetics (35%)	– Antidiabetics (37%)	ns
– Antidepressants (20%)	– Antidepressants (23%)	ns
– Others (20%)	– Others (24%)	ns

Notes: *Antihypertensive drugs, antiaggregants, diuretics, nitrates, β-blockers, digoxin;

** Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; CIRS, cumulative illness rating scale; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GDS, geriatric depression scale; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; NPI, neuropsychiatric inventory scale; ns, non significant.

Figure 1 Cohort gender flow chart.

Table 3 Citicoline group

	Patients	%*
Campania	79	29.9
Calabria	66	24.9
Lazio	22	8.3
Liguria	30	11.3
Piemonte	48	18.1
Veneto	20	7.5
Total	265	100
South Italy	167	63.1
North Italy	98	36.9
Total	265	100

Note: *Percent determined on the overall patients (citicoline group) involved in the study.

Table 4 Neuroradiological findings for all patients in the present study

• Cortical atrophy (85%) • Periventricular white matter hypodensity (CT) (40%) • Multiple microinfarcts (25%) • Periventricular white matter hyperintensities (MRI), punctuate or confluent (20%) • Lacunar infarcts (20%) • Old infarcts (15%) • Any focal lesion (12%)

Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Figure 2 Mean cognitive and funtional parameters over time (with significance table).

Note: Mean cognitive and functional parameters over time (with significance table) in the treatment group.

Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; MMSE, mini mental state examination.

Figure 3 Differences in ADL, IADL and MMSE scores according to age groups.

Notes: Differences in ADL, IADL and MMSE scores according to age groups in the treatment group. T0 = baseline; T1 = 3 months; T2 = 9 months.

Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; MMSE, mini mental state examination.

Figure 4 Comparison of corrected MMSE levels between citicoline group and controls.

Notes: *MMSEc = MMSE corrected according to age and education. T0 = baseline; T1 = 3 months; T2 = 9 months.

Abbreviations: MMSE, mini mental state examination; MMSEc, mini mental state examination corrected (for age and education).

Figure 5 Differences in ADL and IADL scales between the two study groups.

Note: T0 = baseline; T1 = 3 months; T2 = 9 months.
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.

Point your smartphone at the QR code to the left. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: http://dvpr.es/Vfeb4Q