Inflammatory status in older women with and without metabolic syndrome: is there a correlation with risk factors?

Figures & data

Table 1 Subjects’ characteristics

	MetS (n = 48)	Without MetS (n = 81)	P (95% CI)
Age (years)	66.4 ± 4.1	67.9 ± 5.8	0.12 (−0.41, 3.45)
Weight (kg)	69.9 ± 7.4	65.4 ± 7.4*	0.002 (−7.27, −1.68)
Height (m)	1.51 ± 0.1	1.53 ± 0.1	0.19 (−0.001, 0.03)
BMI (kg/m^2)	30.5 ± 3.4	28.0 ± 2.9*	0.001 (−3.68, −1.36)
WC (cm)	98.2 ± 7.9	90.3 ± 8.1*	0.001 (−10.9, −4.85)
HC (cm)	105.2 ± 6.4	102.8 ± 6.5*	0.04 (−4.86, −0.01)
Waist–hip ratio	0.93 ± 0.01	0.88 ± 0.07*	0.001 (−0.81, −0.28)
Waist–height ratio	0.65 ± 0.05	0.59 ± 0.06*	0.001 (−0.07, −0.35)
LBM (%)	54.9 ± 3.1	56.28 ± 3.5*	0.03 (0.08, 2.59)
FM (%)	41.7 ± 3.3	40.56 ± 3.9	0.09 (−2.56, 0.19)
SBP (mmHg)	151.8 ± 21.8	128.73 ± 25.4*	0.001 (−32.1, −14.1)
DBP (mmHg)	91.8 ± 11.3	77.8 ± 13.7*	0.001 (−18.8, −9.3)
MBP (mmHg)	111.8 ± 13.4	94.8 ± 16.8*	0.001 (−22.8, −11.2)
Glucose (mg/dL)	116.9 ± 42.3	94.0 ± 12.4*	0.001 (−34.3, −12.0)
HbA1c (%)	5.69 ± 0.8	5.55 ± 0.5	0.28 (−0.39, 0.11)
Insulin (μU/mL)†	14.5 ± 9.1	9.4 ± 4.5	0.001
HOMA-IR†	4.6 ± 5.2	2.2 ± 1.1	0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	237.2 ± 40.3	239 ± 41.5	0.82 (−13.7, 17.1)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	213.4 ± 76.2	120.4 ± 44.1	0.001 (−115.6, −70.2)
HDL-C (mg/dL)	55.9 ± 11.6	63 ± 10.1	0.001 (2.83, −10.9)
MetS Z-score	1.48 ± 0.13	1.26 ± 0.17*	0.001 (−0.27, −0.16)

Note: Bold indicates a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05). ^†Values expressed as median.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FM, fat mass; HbA_1c, hemoglobin A_1c (glycosylated hemoglobin); HC, hip circumference; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LBM, lean body mass; MBP, mean blood pressure; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WC, waist circumference.

Table 2 Characteristics of subjects according to the components of metabolic syndrome

	0–1 component (n = 39)	2–3 components (n = 73)	4–5 components (n = 18)
Age (years)	67.9 ± 5.9	67.2 ± 5.4	66.8 ± 4.2
Weight (kg)	56.9 ± 8.7	65.7 ± 8.7*	70.3 ± 6.5*
Height (m)	1.53 ± 0.07	1.52 ± 0.06	1.51 ± 0.06
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.3 ± 3.6	28.4 ± 3.7*	30.9 ± 3.9
WC (cm)	81.3 ± 10.1	93.5 ± 8.7*	98.8 ± 4.5*,¥
HC (cm)	96.1 ± 7.0	101.7 ± 7.7*	104.7 ± 4.9*
Waist–hip ratio	0.84 ± 0.07	0.92 ± 0.07*	0.95 ± 0.05
Waist–height ratio	0.53 ± 0.07	0.62 ± 0.06*	0.65 ± 0.04*,¥
LBM (%)	63.3 ± 7.5	57.8 ± 5.0*	55.4 ± 3.6*
FM (%)	32.6 ± 7.8	38.7 ± 5.4*	41.4 ± 3.8*
SBP (mmHg)	124.3 ± 18.8	147.5 ± 25.2*	156.1 ± 21.2*
DBP (mmHg)	75.9 ± 12.1	87.4 ± 13.3*	94.4 ± 10.9*
MBP (mmHg)	92.0 ± 13.3	107.4 ± 16.1*	115.0 ± 13.0*
Glucose (mg/dL)	89.8 ± 12.3	102.5 ± 25.9*	132.5 ± 49.7*,¥
HbA1c (%)	5.5 ± 0.6	5.6 ± 0.7	5.7 ± 1.1
Insulin (μU/mL)†	5.8 ± 6.8	9.5 ± 6.7	18.3 ± 10.9
HOMA-IR†	1.7 ± 1.1	2.3 ± 3.2	4.8 ± 5.9
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	225.9 ± 31.0	238.7 ± 43.8	246.9 ± 31.9
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	100.8 ± 43.4	165.3 ± 58.6	239.6 ± 74.2*,¥
HDL-C (mg/dL)	63.5 ± 7.9	61.2 ± 11.3	50.3 ± 9.0*,¥
MetS Z-score	1.22 ± 0.13	1.41 ± 0.16*	1.54 ± 0.11*,¥

Notes:

* Different from zero or one component (P ≤ 0.05)

¥ different from two or three components (P ≤ 0.05).

† Values expressed as median.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FM, fat mass; HbA_1c, hemoglobin A_1c (glycosylated hemoglobin); HC, hip circumference; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LBM, lean body mass; MBP, mean blood pressure; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WC, waist circumference.

Figure 1 Inflammatory parameters in elderly women according to the presence of different components of metabolic syndrome.

Notes: *Significantly different from zero or one component (P ≤ 0.05); CRP data is presented as median.
Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; INF-γ, interferon-γ; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.

Figure 2 Inflammatory parameters in elderly women with and without MetS.

Notes: *Significant difference between groups (P ≤ 0.05); CRP data is presented as median.
Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; INF-γ, interferon-γ; MetS, metabolic syndrome; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.

Table 3 Correlation coefficient of metabolic syndrome Z-score (dependent variable) and anthropometric measures, metabolic profile, and inflammatory parameters

Independent variables	Correlation	P
Anthropometric measures
Weight (kg)	0.20*	0.03
BMI	0.18	0.06
WC (cm)	0.26*	0.005
HC (cm)	−0.03	0.75
Waist–hip ratio	0.32*	0.001
Waist–height ratio	0.24*	0.01
LBM (%)	−0.02	0.79
FM (%)	−0.03	0.76
Metabolic profile
Glucose (mg/dL)	0.24*	0.01
HbA1c (%)	0.06	0.53
Insulin (μU/mL)†	0.24*	0.01
HOMA-IR†	0.32*	0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	0.02	0.78
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	0.39*	0.001
HDL-C (mg/dL)	−0.26*	0.005
Inflammatory parameters
IL-6	0.09	0.28
CRP	−0.03	0.72
TnF-α	0.28*	0.002
InF-γ	0.22*	0.01

Note: Bold indicates a significant correlation (P ≤ 0.05).

† Values expressed as median.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; FM, fat mass; HbA_1c, hemoglobin A_1c (glycosylated hemoglobin); HC, hip circumference; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IL-6, interleukin-6; INF-γ, interferon-γ; LBM, lean body mass; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; WC, waist circumference.

Figure 3 Correlation coefficient of Z-MetS with blood pressure.

Abbreviation: Z-MetS, metabolic syndrome Z-score.