Prognosis of Older Adult Patients Suffering from Atrial Fibrillation and Hypokalemia

Figures & data

Figure 1 Research technology roadmap.

Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Patients

Characteristics	Total	Group 1	Group 2	t/χ^2	P
	N=794	n=246	n=548
Demographic characteristics
Age (yr)	83.64±5.65	83.83±5.45	83.56±5.74	0.630	0.529
Male	336 (42.3%)	100 (40.7%)	236 (43.1%)	0.406	0.524
Drinking	97 (12.2%)	30 (12.2%)	67 (12.2%)	<0.001	0.99
Smoking	153 (19.3%)	45 (18.3%)	108 (19.7%)	0.219	0.64
Underlying disease
PAF	686 (86.4%)	211 (85.8%)	475 (86.7%)	0.119	0.73
Hypertension	582 (73.3%)	180 (73.2%)	402 (73.4%)	0.009	0.925
T2DM	267 (33.6%)	85 (34.6%)	182 (33.2%)	0.137	0.711
Dyslipidemia	371 (46.7%)	118 (48.0%)	253 (46.2%)	0.221	0.638
CHD	642 (80.9%)	198 (80.5%)	444 (81.0%)	0.031	0.86
Stroke	499 (62.8%)	153 (62.2%)	346 (63.1%)	0.082	0.775
PAD	405 (51.0%)	125 (50.8%)	280 (51.1%)	0.005	0.941
CKD	122 (15.4%)	31 (12.6%)	91 (16.6%)	2.093	0.148
COPD	47 (5.9%)	13 (5.3%)	34 (6.2%)	0.258	0.612
VHD	40 (5.0%)	12 (4.9%)	28 (5.1%)	0.016	0.9
Myocardiopathy	9 (1.1%)	4 (1.6%)	5 (0.9%)	0.266*	0.606
Thyroid dysfunction	20 (2.5%)	3 (1.2%)	17 (3.1%)	2.451	0.117
Laboratory reports
Hb (g/L)	116.21±22.96	116.8±22.69	115.95±23.1	0.487	0.627
Cr (umol/L)	94.74±68.37	85.02±52.67	99.1±73.97	−3.053	0.002
UA (umol/L)	362.8±149.75	360.84±150.3	363.68±149.63	−0.247	0.805
LDL-C (mmol/L)	1.8±0.87	1.86±0.94	1.78±0.83	1.241	0.215
Mg (mmol/L)	0.89±0.13	0.88±0.15	0.89±0.12	−0.877	0.381
hsCRP (mg/L)	37.97±52.63	43.49±56.09	35.5±50.87	1.908	0.057
NT-proBNP (pg/mL)	1069±1266.91	1102.15±1325.83	1054.12±1240.5	0.494	0.622
Therapeutic drugs
Diuretic	424 (53.4%)	137 (55.7%)	287 (52.4%)	0.753	0.386
Spirolactone	218 (27.5%)	60 (24.4%)	158 (28.8%)	1.761	0.185
ACEI or ARB or ARNI	201 (25.3%)	63 (25.6%)	138 (25.2%)	0.016	0.898
Warfarin or NOAC	135 (17.0%)	41 (16.7%)	94 (17.2%)	0.028	0.866
Amiodarone	8 (1.0%)	3 (1.2%)	5 (0.9%)	<0.001*	0.987
β blockers	441 (55.5%)	143 (58.1%)	298 (54.4%)	0.967	0.325
Digoxin	77 (9.7%)	27 (11.0%)	50 (9.1%)	0.665	0.415
ASP or Clopidogrel	340 (42.8%)	110 (44.7%)	230 (42.0%)	0.522	0.47
Statins	443 (55.8%)	139 (56.5%)	304 (55.5%)	0.073	0.787
OADs	161 (20.3%)	46 (18.7%)	115 (21.0%)	0.567	0.452
Insulin	100 (12.6%)	28 (11.4%)	72 (13.1%)	0.476	0.49
CCBs	2 (0.3%)	1 (0.4%)	1 (0.2%)	1.000^#	0.524

Notes: Values are means ± standard deviation or the number of participants (%); *Correction for continuity; ^#Fisher’s precision probability test.

Abbreviations: PAF, permanent atrial fibrillation; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; CHD, coronary heart disease; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; VHD, valvular heart disease; Hb, hemoglobin; Cr, creatinine; UA, Uric acid; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Mg, Magnesium; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; ACEI, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; ARB, Angiotensin Receptor Blocker; ARNI, Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin inhibitors; NOAC, novel oral anticoagulants; ASP, aspirin; OADs, Oral antidiabetic drugs; CCBs, Calcium Channel Blockers.

Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier analysis of clinical endpoint events. (A) Major endpoints (cardiogenic death). (B) Secondary endpoint: all-cause death.

Table 2 Univariate Cox Regression Analysis of Clinical Endpoints

Primary Composite Endpoints	Univariate
	HR	95% CI	P
Age (yr)	1.041	0.994–1.09	0.085
Drinking	1.139	0.539–2.409	0.733
Hypertension	1.032	0.563–1.894	0.918
T2DM	1.182	0.684–2.042	0.549
Thyroid dysfunction	1.024	0.141–7.42	0.981
CHD	2.396	1.025–5.599	0.044
CKD	2.763	1.562–4.886	<0.001
Cr (umol/L)	1.003	1.000–1.006	0.094
hsCRP (mg/L)	1.001	0.996–1.006	0.797
Hb (g/L)	0.984	0.973–0.995	0.006
UA (umol/L)	1.003	1.001–1.004	0.003
Mg (mmol/L)	8.378	1.379–50.919	0.021
Diuretic	1.234	0.719–2.118	0.445
Spirolactone	1.108	0.625–1.965	0.726
ACEI or ARB or ARNI	0.916	0.500–1.677	0.776
β blockers	1.014	0.597–1.722	0.959
Digoxin	1.144	0.49–2.669	0.755
Insulin	0.733	0.293–1.838	0.508
Warfarin or NOAC	2.815	1.617–4.900	<0.001

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; Cr, creatinine; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; Hb, hemoglobin; UA, Uric acid; Mg, Magnesium; ACEI, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; ARB, Angiotensin Receptor Blocker; ARNI, Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin inhibitors; NOAC, novel oral anticoagulants.

Table 3 Multivariate Cox Regression Analysis of Clinical Endpoints

Primary Composite Endpoints	Multivariate
	HR	95% CI	P
Age (yr)	1.027	0.979–1.078	0.279
CHD	2.515	1.059–5.974	0.037
CKD	1.757	0.898–3.437	0.100
Thyroid dysfunction	0.751	0.100–5.640	0.781
hsCRP (mg/L)	1.000	0.995–1.006	0.965
Hb (g/L)	0.986	0.974–0.998	0.018
UA (umol/L)	1.002	1.000–1.004	0.020
Mg (mmol/L)	5.175	0.859–31.180	0.073
Cr (umol/L)	0.998	0.993–1.003	0.464
Warfarin or NOAC	2.426	1.363–4.317	0.003

Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; Hb, hemoglobin; UA, Uric acid; Mg, Magnesium; Cr, creatinine; NOAC, novel oral anticoagulants.

Data Sharing Statement

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.