Vitamin D and depression in geriatric primary care patients

Figures & data

Table 1 Distribution of vitamin D levels and other patient characteristics

	Overall			Optimal range			Mild-moderate deficiency			Severe deficiency			P-value
	N	SD	%	N	SD	%	N	SD	%	N	SD	%
All	1,618			1,307		81	269		17	42		3
Age	73.8	±8.48		73.33	±8.29		75.58	±9.02		76.6	±8.86		<0.001
ERA score	6.51	±6.48		5.95	±6.24		8.68	±6.97		10.19	±6.82		<0.001
CCI score	4.09	±3.76		3.78	±3.62		5.22	±4.03		6.6	±4.12		<0.001
Depression^a	694		43	547		42	120		45	27		64	0.013
Females	1,213		75	1,016		84	168		14	29		2
Age	73.7	±8.60		73.34	±8.41		75.53	±9.30		77.38	±9.12		<0.001
ERA score	6.05	±6.37		5.64	±6.18		7.83	±6.88		10.24	±6.71		<0.001
CCI score	3.54	±3.50		3.27	±3.30		4.58	±4.01		6.76	±4.58		<0.001
Depression	525		43	427		42	79		47	19		66	0.024
Males	405			291			101			13
Age	74	±8.10		73.31	±7.85		75.67	±8.58		74.85	±8.34		0.038
ERA score	7.89	±6.63		7.03	±6.31		10.09	±6.92		10.08	±7.33		<0.001
CCI score	5.76	±4.02		5.55	±4.11		6.29	±3.86		6.23	±2.98		0.26
Depression	169		42	120		41	41		41	8		62	0.34

Note:

a Based on diagnosis codes from medical records.

Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; ERA, Elder Risk Assessment.

Table 2 Pearson correlation coefficient analyses

	Age		ERA score		CCI score
	Cor coef	P-value	Cor coef	P-value	Cor coef	P-value
All 25(OH)D	−0.070	0.0050	−0.113	<0.0001	−0.101	<0.0001
Females 25(OH)D	−0.063	0.0289	−0.074	0.0097	−0.068	0.0172
Males 25(OH)D	−0.095	0.0573	−0.203	<0.0001	−0.107	0.0310

Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; Cor coef, Pearson Correlation Coefficient; ERA, Elder Risk Assessment.

Table 3 Logistic model to predict depression

Standard parameter	Odds ratio	95% CI		P-value
		Lower	Upper
Univariate analysis to predict depression
Age	1.018	1.006	1.029	0.0035
Male	0.939	0.747	1.179	0.5855
ERA score	1.053	1.037	1.069	<0.0001
25(OH)D level	0.988	0.980	0.995	0.0018
CCI score	1.110	1.080	1.141	<0.0001
Multivariate model using continuous vitamin D
Age	1.000	0.987	1.013	0.9647
Male	0.824	0.651	1.042	0.1066
ERA score	1.052	1.035	1.070	<0.0001
25(OH)D level	0.990	0.983	0.998	0.0118
Multivariate model with categories of vitamin D
Age	1.000	0.987	1.013	0.9927
Male	0.847	0.671	1.070	0.1648
ERA score	1.053	1.036	1.071	<0.0001
Severe 25(OH)D deficiency	2.093	1.092	4.011	0.0260

Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; ERA, Elder Risk Assessment.