Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Cantonese Version of SarQoL in Hong Kong’s Older Population: An Interviewer-Administered Questionnaire for Assessing Sarcopenia-Specific Quality of Life in Fieldwork Practice

Figures & data

Figure 1 Translation and cultural adaptation of the Cantonese SarQoL.

Figure 2 Validation of the Cantonese SarQoL.

Table 1 Baseline characteristic of participants

Variable	Mean (SD) / Count (%)		p
	Non-Sarcopenic (n = 60)	Sarcopenic (n = 58)
Age (years)	71.2 (3.5)	73.8 (5.4)	0.003
Sex			0.749
Male	16 (26.7)	18 (31.0)
Female	44 (73.3)	40 (69.0)
Marital status			0.087
Single	6 (10.0)	2 (3.4)
Married	38 (63.3)	29 (50.0)
Widowed	14 (23.3)	21 (36.2)
Divorced	2 (3.3)	6 (10.3)
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.3 (4.2)	21.3 (2.6)	< 0.001
Number of medications	4.3 (2.5)	4.4 (2.7)	0.787
Number of chronic diseases	4.2 (1.9)	4.0 (1.8)	0.628
Appendicular lean muscle (kg/m^2)	5.7 (0.9)	5.2 (0.8)	0.001
Handgrip strength (kg)	25.2 (5.5)	21.8 (6.2)	0.002
Gait speed (m/s)	1.2 (0.2)	0.9 (0.2)	< 0.001
SarQoL
Overall score	75.0 (12.6)	66.1 (14.7)	< 0.001
D1 physical and mental health	69.3 (15.5)	62.6 (17.9)	0.033
D2 locomotion	77.3 (18.4)	68.2 (20.2)	0.011
D3 body composition	70.9 (18.0)	67.4 (22.4)	0.349
D4 functionality	79.8 (12.9)	70.6 (16.0)	< 0.001
D5 activities of daily living	72.5 (16.0)	60.6 (17.4)	< 0.001
D6 leisure activities	63.9 (16.8)	61.3 (17.9)	0.628
D7 fears	91.0 (10.6)	84.7 (15.0)	0.009
SF-36
Physical functioning	77.1 (19.3)	62.7 (24.8)	< 0.001
Role limitation due to physical problems	67.5 (42.0)	52.6 (44.7)	0.067
Bodily pain	68.9 (26.4)	54.3 (25.2)	0.003
General health	55.9 (19.4)	52.5 (22.7)	0.390
Vitality	66.3 (20.4)	53.6 (24.9)	0.003
Social functioning	52.1 (9.8)	50.9 (8.5)	0.487
Role limitation due to emotional problems	76.1 (36.9)	60.8 (43.2)	0.042
Mental health	77.0 (15.3)	70.9 (23.6)	0.103
EQ-5D
Mobility	1.1 (0.4)	1.3 (0.6)	0.096
Self-care	1.1 (0.5)	1.1 (0.4)	0.739
Usual activities	1.2 (0.6)	1.1 (0.5)	0.796
Pain / discomfort	1.8 (0.9)	2.1 (0.9)	0.019
Anxiety / depression	1.3 (0.6)	1.5 (0.9)	0.091
Utility	0.8 (0.2)	0.8 (0.2)	0.495

Note: p-values were obtained based on two-sample t-test and χ² test as appropriate.

Table 2 Logistic regression on sarcopenic status (n = 118)

Variable	β	OR	95% CI
Explanatory variable
SarQoL overall score	−0.052	0.949	(0.912, 0.983)
Covariates
Age (years)	0.133	1.142	(1.015, 1.308)
Sex
Male (ref. class)	/	/	/
Female	1.389	4.011	(1.253, 1.428)
Marital status
Single (ref. class)	/	/	/
Married	0.560	1.750	(0.229, 2.125)
Widowed	1.619	5.049	(0.643, 6.558)
Divorced	2.104	8.203	(0.641, 17.010)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.361	0.697	(0.571, 0.824)
Number of medications	0.041	1.042	(0.850, 1.289)
Number of chronic diseases	0.036	1.036	(0.785, 1.373)

Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 3 Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Cantonese SarQoL (n = 58)

Domain	Internal Consistency		Test-Retest Reliability
	ρ	95% CI	ICC	95% CI
Overall score	1	/	0.801	(0.685, 0.877)
D1 physical and mental health	0.852	(0.763, 0.909)	0.691	(0.529, 0.804)
D2 locomotion	0.853	(0.765, 0.853)	0.709	(0.554, 0.817)
D3 body composition	0.620	(0.435, 0.755)	0.624	(0.439, 0.759)
D4 functionality	0.868	(0.787, 0.919)	0.737	(0.593, 0.835)
D5 activities of daily living	0.854	(0.767, 0.911)	0.656	(0.482, 0.781)
D6 leisure activities	0.576	(0.335, 0.775)	0.499	(0.247, 0.715)
D7 fears	0.630	(0.419, 0.791)	0.437	(0.190, 0.646)

Note: ρ: correlation between domain and overall score at baseline.

Abbreviation: ICC, intra-class correlation coefficient between baseline and follow-up measurements; CI, confidence interval.

Table 4 Construct validity of the SarQoL overall score (n = 58)

Variable	ρ	95% CI
Convergent validity
SF-36 physical functioning	0.819	(0.709, 0.891)
SF-36 role limitation due to physical problems	0.677	(0.505, 0.797)
SF-36 bodily pain	0.638	(0.453, 0.771)
SF-36 general health	0.755	(0.614, 0.849)
SF-36 vitality	0.750	(0.607, 0.846)
SF-36 role limitation due to emotional problems	0.448	(0.213, 0.635)
SF-36 mental health	0.618	(0.424, 0.758)
EQ-5D mobility	−0.646	(−0.776, −0.463)
EQ-5D usual activities	−0.411	(−0.607, −0.169)
EQ-5D pain / discomfort	−0.472	(−0.652, −0.241)
EQ-5D anxiety / depression	−0.620	(−0.758, −0.429)
EQ-5D utility	0.703	(0.541, 0.814)
Divergent validity
SF-36 social functioning	−0.098	(−0.352, 0.169)
EQ-5D self-care	−0.331	(−0.545, −0.077)

Note: ρ: correlation with the SarQoL overall score at baseline. Negative correlations for EQ-5D domains (except for utility) are due to reverse coding.

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.