Association Between Intraoperative Noradrenaline Infusion and Outcomes in Older Adult Patients Undergoing Major Non-Cardiac Surgeries: A Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart of patients screening.

Table 1 The Characteristics in NA and Non-NA Cohort Before and After Matching

	Unmatched Cohort		P value	Matched Cohort		P value
	NA(n=1837)	Non-NA (n=1072)		NA(n=1072)	Non-NA (n=1072)
Sex^b			0.034			0.861
Male	1122(61.1%)	612(57.1%)		616(57.5%)	612(57.1%)
Female	715(38.9%)	460(42.9%)		456(42.5%)	460(42.9%)
Age (y)^a	69(67,73)	69(66,73)	0.028	69(66,73)	69(66,73)	0.373
BMI(kg/m^2)^a	23.1(21.0,25.0)	23.3(21.1,25.3)	0.110	23.2(21.2,25.1)	23.2(21.1,25.3)	0.954
ASA^b			0.000			0.704
II–III	1769(96.3%)	1059(98.8%)		1057(98.6%)	1059(98.8%)
IV–V	68(3.7%)	13(1.2%)		15(1.4%)	13(1.2%)
Comorbidity^b
Hypertension	556(30.3%)	318(29.7%)	0.732	327(30.5%)	318(29.7%)	0.672
CAD	235(12.8%)	122(11.4%)	0.263	141(13.2%)	122(11.4%)	0.211
DM	112(6.1%)	45(4.2%)	0.029	42(3.9%)	45(4.2%)	0.743
COPD	84(4.6%)	34(3.2%)	0.065	39(3.6%)	34(3.2%)	0.552
Asthma	10(0.5%)	6(0.6%)	0.957	7(0.7%)	6(0.6%)	0.781
Renal disease	17(0.9%)	8(0.8%)	0.614	11(1.0%)	8(0.8%)	0.489
Smoking	501(27.3%)	233(21.7%)	0.001	225(21.0%)	233(21.7%)	0.673
Stroke	59(3.21%)	22(2.05%)	0.067	21(2.0%)	22(2.1%)	0.878
Surgical type^b
Gynecological surgery	120(6.5%)	129(12.9%)	0.000	118(11.0%)	129(12.0%)	0.457
Orthopedic surgery	42(2.3%)	99(9.2%)	0.000	42(3.9%)	99(9.2%)	0.000
Gastrointestin-al surgery	495(27.0%)	370(34.5%)	0.000	397(37.0%)	370(34.5%)	0.224
Thoracic surgery	628(34.2%)	206(19.2%)	0.000	250(23.3%)	206(19.2%)	0.020
Neurosurgery	173(9.4%)	45(4.2%)	0.000	37(3.5%)	45(4.2%)	0.368
Hepatobiliary surgery	181(9.9%)	97(9.05%)	0.476	97(9.1%)	97(9.1%)	1.000
Urologic surgery	198(11.1%)	126(11.8%)	0.420	131(12.2%)	126(11.8%)	0.740
NA (mg)^c	0.600±0.630	0		0.566±0.012	0
HR
Baseline	77(69,85)	76(69,84)	0.488	77(70,86)	76(69,84)	0.077
Average value^d	71(66,77)	69(64,76)	0.000	71(65,77)	69(64,76)	0.003
MAP
Baseline	95(87,103)	95(87,103)	0.206	95(87,103)	95(87,103)	0.451
Average value^d	90.4(76.1,85.4)	81.7(76.9,87.1)	0.000	80.4(76.5,85.2)	81.7(76.9,87.1)	0.000

Notes: ^aMedian (interquartile range); ^bfrequency (percentage); ^c: mean ± standard deviation; ^d:intraoperative average value.

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NA, noradrenaline; HR, heart rate; MAP, mean atrery pressure.

Table 2 The Incidence of Postoperative in-Hospital Complications in Unmatched and Matched Cohorts

	Unmatched Cohort		P value	Matched Cohort		P value
	NA(n=1837)	Non-NA (n=1072)		NA(n=1072)	Non-NA (n=1072)
Mortality	41(2.2%)	20(1.9%)	0.506	11(1.0%)	20(1.9%)	0.103
Stroke	36(2.0%)	18(1.7%)	0.589	17(1.6%)	18(1.7%)	0.865
MI	4(0.2%)	1(0.1%)	0.434	1(0.1%)	1(0.1%)	1.000
Arrhythmia	108(5.9%)	71(6.6%)	0.421	60(6.1%)	71(6.6%)	0.321
Pneumonia	263(14.3%)	120(11.2%)	0.016	128(11.6%)	120(11.2%)	0.589
Respiratory failure	38(1.7%)	10(0.9%)	0.020	13(1.2%)	10(0.9%)	0.529
Urinary tract infection	7(0.4%)	8(0.8%)	0.185	1(0.1%)	8(0.8%)	0.019
AKI	102(5.6%)	49(4.6%)	0.250	60(5.6%)	49(4.6%)	0.279
Wound infection	12(0.7%)	12(1.1%)	0.180	8(0.8%)	12(1.1%)	0.369
Anastomotic leakage	12(0.7%)	12(1.1%)	0.180	10(0.9%)	12(1.1%)	0.668
Thrombosis	97(5.3%)	39(3.6%)	0.043	54(4.3%)	39(3.6%)	0.112

Note: Data are frequency (percentage).

Abbreviations: NA, noradrenaline; MI, myocardial infarction; AKI, acute kidney injury.

Figure 2 The Odds ratios (ORs) in matched cohorts for NA with reference to non-NA in postoperative in-hospital complications. NA reduced the risk of urinary tract infection.

Figure 3 The Odds ratios (ORs) in matched cohort for NA with reference to non-NA in intra- and post-operative outcomes.

Abbreviation: RBC, red blood cell.