Association Between Self-Perception of Aging and Long-Term Mortality in Elderly Patients with Hypertension in Rural China: A Possible Beneficial Effect of Nut Intake

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics and Clinical Data (n=280)

Variables		Death
		Deaths N(%)	No Deaths N(%)	t/z/χ^2	P
Age (year)	<75	1(0.7)	146(99.3)	27.747^c	<0.001***
	≥75	20(15.0)	113(85.0)
Sex	Male	8(6.9)	108(93.1)	0.104^c	0.747
	Female	13(7.9)	147(92.1)
Marital status, n=277	Married	6(3.2)	182(96.8)	16.093^c	<0.001***
	Unmarried and others	15(16.9)	74(83.1)
Education	Illiteracy	15(8.9)	153(91.1)	1.236^c	0.266
	Primary school and above	6(5.4)	106(94.6)
Living condition	Live with relatives	17(6.6)	240(93.4)	2.151^c	0.142
	Live alone or pension institution	4(17.4)	19(82.6)
Medical insurance	No	0(0.0)	4(100)	0.329^c	0.566
	Yes	21(7.6)	255(92.4)
Smoking	No	18(8.9)	185(91.1)	1.988^c	0.159
	Yes	3(3.9)	74(96.1)
Exercise	No	19(7.7)	227(92.3)	0.001^d	0.972
	Yes	2(5.9)	32(94.1)
High-salt diet	No	21(8.7)	221(91.3)	2.337^d	0.126
	Yes	0(0.0)	37(100.0)
Daily eating fruits and vegetables, n=279	No	1(25.0)	3(75.0)	1.780^c	0.182
	Yes	20(9.1)	255(90.9)
Daily eating nuts, n=279	No	17(18.5)	75(81.5)	23.651^c	<0.001***
	Yes	4(2.1)	183(97.9)
Sleep disturbance	No	9(6.7)	126(93.3)	0.261^c	0.609
	Yes	12(8.3)	133(91.7)
BMI (kg/m^2)		21.97±2.97	23.49±2.97	2.207^a	0.028*
SBP (mmHg)		138.57±17.55	135.66±16.45	−0.777^a	0.438
DBP (mmHg)		82.29±15.43	85.33±15.27	0.302^a	0.763
BP	Controlled	7(4.7)	138(95.3)	3.473^c	0.062
	Uncontrolled	14(10.6)	118(89.4)
Duration of HTN (year)		14.52±6.53	12.54±7.32	−1.200^a	0.231
Family history, n=273	No	11(9.8)	101(90.2)	1.212^c	0.271
	Yes	10(6.2)	151(93.8)
Other chronic diseases, n=279	No	7(6.5)	100(93.5)	0.242^c	0.623
	Yes	14(8.1)	158(91.9)
Hospitalization within six months, n=278	No	21(8.0)	241(92.0)	0.477^d	0.490
	Yes	0(0.0)	16(100.0)
Frequency of BP measurement, n=278	Weekly	1(5.0)	19(95.0)	6.858^c	0.032*
	Monthly	7(4.4)	152(95.6)
	Irregular	13(13.1)	86(86.9)
Medication adherence score		6.75(3.75, 7.88)	7.00(4.00, 8.00)	−0.726^b	0.468

Notes: *p<0.05, ***p<0.001. ^aIndependent-Samples t-test, ^bWilcoxon Mann–Whitney test, ^cChi-square test, ^dCorrection for the continuity chi-square test.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HTN, hypertension; BP, blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.

Table 2 Associations Between Self-Perception of Aging and Six-Year Mortality Rate by Logistic Regression (n=280)

Variables		Unadjusted			Adjusted
		B	P	OR(95% CI)	B	P	OR(95% CI)
1	Timeline acute/chronic	0.627	0.035*	1.837(1.044,3.360)	0.566	0.191	1.760(0.755,4.106)
	Age				0.337	<0.001***	1.400(1.202,11.631)
2	Timeline cyclical	2.081	0.069	8.011(0.849,75.590)	1.008	0.557	2.739(0.095,78.935)
	Age				0.322	<0.001***	1.380(1.181,1.614)
3	Emotional representations	0.915	0.007**	2.496(1.290,4.828)	1.038	0.043*	2.824(1.034,7.712)
	Age				0.324	<0.001***	1.383(1.192,1.604)
4	Control positive	0.377	0.450	1.457(0.549,3.872)	0.196	0.806	1.217(0.253,5.844)
	Age				0.340	<0.001***	1.405(1.206,1.637)
5	Control negative	0.757	0.174	2.132(0.715,6.357)	0.803	0.355	2.231(0.407,12.233)
	Age				0.344	<0.001***	1.410(1.208,1.647)
6	Consequences positive	−0.247	0.725	0.781(0.197,3.089)	−0.361	0.766	0.697(0.065,7.523)
	Age				0.340	<0.001***	1.405(1.206,1.636)
7	Consequences negative	1.000	0.303	2.719(0.405,18.263)	−0.339	0.796	0.712(0.054,9.373)
	Age				0.343	<0.001***	1.410(1.205, 1.649)

Notes: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Table 3 Subgroup Analysis of Associations Between Self-Perception of Aging and Six-Year Mortality Rate in the Different Age

Variables	Group < 75 Years (n=147)			Group ≥75 Years (n=133)
	B	P	OR(95% CI)	B	P	OR(95% CI)
Timeline acute/chronic	53.537	0.986	–	0.281	0.449	1.324(0.640,2.740)
Timeline cyclical	74.708	0.997	–	2.648	0.032*	14.125(1.258,158.593)
Emotional representations	6.106	0.222	448.669(0.025,808)	0.943	0.036*	2.567(1.066,6.182)
Control positive	3.978	0.397	53.393(0.005,555)	−0.149	0.795	0.862(0.280, 2.653)
Control negative	52.488	0.992	–	0.309	0.642	1.363(0.370,5.013)
Consequences positive	−2.919	0.617	0.054(0.000,4937.520)	0.158	0.857	1.171(0.211,6.514)
Consequences negative	75.515	0.997	–	0.576	0.550	1.779(0.269,11.758)

Note: *p<0.05.

Table 4 Subgroup Analysis of Associations Between Self-Perception of Aging and Six-Year Mortality Rate in the Group with or without Weekly Nut Intake

Variables	Without a Habit of Eating Nuts (n=92)			Having a Habit of Eating Nuts (n=187)
	B	P	OR(95% CI)	B	P	OR(95% CI)
Timeline acute/chronic	0.416	0.447	1.516(0.519,4.430)	1.334	0.128	3.796(0.680,21.186)
Timeline cyclical	5.968	0.139	390.727(0.144,1062)	−0.965	0.566	0.381(0.014,10.267)
Emotional representations	0.816	0.213	2.261(0.626,8.166)	1.468	0.095	4.340(0.775,24.307)
Control positive	−1.135	0.338	0.321(0.032,3.280)	1.232	0.202	3.430(0.516,22.794)
Control negative	2.128	0.146	8.396(0.478,147.523)	0.365	0.770	1.440(0.124,16.695)
Consequences positive	1.087	0.616	2.965(0.043,206.817)	−0.940	0.385	0.391(0.047,3.253)
Consequences negative	−0.308	0.895	0.735(0.008,71.866)	0.025	0.988	1.025(0.043,24.242)

Table 5 Subgroup Analysis of the Association Between Self-Perception of Aging and Six-Year Mortality Rate in People Aged ≥75 Years with or without Weekly Nut Intake

Variables	≥75 Years Old-Eating Nuts (n=133)
	NO (n=70)			Yes (n=63)
	B	P	OR(95% CI)	B	P	OR(95% CI)
Timeline acute/chronic	0.120	0.756	1.128(0.529,2.403)	0.898	0.344	2.456(0.383,15.761)
Timeline cyclical	7.469	0.012*	175.109(5.231,5868)	−0.117	0.935	0.889(0.054,14.752)
Emotional representations	0.975	0.045*	2.652(1.023,6.874)	1.222	0.267	3.394(0.393,29.297)
Control positive	−0.435	0.528	0.647(0.167,2.500)	0.695	0.491	2.005(0.277,14.504)
Control negative	0.098	0.898	1.103(0.248,4.912)	0.049	0.970	1.050(0.083,13.267)
Consequences positive	0.728	0.491	2.071(0.260,16.462)	−0.517	0.643	0.596(0.067,5.294)
Consequences negative	0.950	0.449	2.586(0.221,30.233)	0.433	0.767	1.541(0.088,26.915)

Note: *p<0.05.