Associations Between Patterns of Daily Stepping Behavior, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Pain Symptoms Among Older Adults with Chronic Pain: A Secondary Analysis of Two Randomized Controlled Trials

Figures & data

Table 1 Participant Characteristics at Baseline

	MORPH (n=29)	MORPH-II (n=39)	Overall (N=68)
Age; M (SD)	70.55 (4.83)	68.79 (7.84)	69.54 (6.74)
Male; N (%)	6 (20.69)	10 (25.64)	16 (23.53)
White; N (%)	25 (86.21)	31 (79.49)	56 (82.35)
College Educated; N (%)	24 (82.76)	36 (92.31)	60 (88.23)
Received MORPH; N (%)	18 (62.07)	19 (48.72)	37 (54.41)
Pain Intensity; M (SD)	59.75 (7.13)	59.88 (4.17)	59.82 (5.58)
Pain Interference; M (SD)	63.36 (3.74)	57.34 (5.29)	59.90 (5.54)
SF-36
Physical Function; M (SD)	39.48 (19.56)	52.69 (18.02)	47.06 (19.68)
Physical Role Limitations; M (SD)	20.69 (26.78)	33.33 (33.11)	27.94 (31.01)
Emotional Role Limitations; M (SD)	72.41 (40.89)	82.05 (32.31)	77.94 (36.25)
Energy/Fatigue; M (SD)	34.48 (20.02)	60.13 (19.04)	49.19 (23.16)
Emotional Well-Being; M (SD)	78.21 (17.06)	81.13 (15.81)	79.88 (16.3)
Social Functioning; M (SD)	66.81 (30.12)	79.17 (20.55)	73.9 (25.62)
Pain; M (SD)	38.36 (14.61)	48.97 (15.97)	44.45 (16.18)
General Health; M (SD)	55 (14.52)	65.51 (20.03)	61.03 (18.52)
Physical Activity
Steps; M (SD)	4608.53 (2554.97)	5072.63 (2212.54)	4874.71 (2357.54)
Sedentary Time, minutes; M (SD)	706.9 (138.43)	682.11 (119.69)	692.68 (127.62)
Sedentary Breaks; M (SD)	43.6 (14.19)	47.28 (12.85)	45.71 (13.46)
MVPA Time, minutes; M (SD)	6.38 (7.28)	5.98 (6.38)	6.15 (6.73)
Valid Days, median (range)	6 (4–8)	6 (2–10)	6 (2–10)

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; SF-36, 36-item short-form survey; MVPA, moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity.

Figure 1 First four components extracted from a functional principal components analysis of ActivPAL-measured steps per minute.

Notes: Lines represent principal component curves multiplied by approximately one standard deviation pooled across component scores that are added (orange) or subtracted (green) from the mean (blue).

Table 2 Baseline Relationships Between the First Three Individual Component Scores, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Pain Symptoms

Dependent Variable	Component 1				Component 2				Component 3
	B	t	p	R^2	B	t	p	R^2	B	t	p	R^2
SF-36
Physical Function	0.148	4.803	<0.001	0.230	−0.018	−0.263	0.793	0.001	−0.138	−1.894	0.063	0.046
Physical Role Limitations	0.080	1.402	0.166	0.027	−0.054	−0.485	0.629	0.003	−0.095	−0.798	0.428	0.009
Emotional Role Limitations	0.026	0.380	0.705	0.002	−0.115	−0.885	0.380	0.011	−0.215	−1.560	0.124	0.033
Energy/Fatigue	0.073	2.177	0.033	0.040	−0.058	−0.868	0.389	0.007	−0.014	−0.194	0.847	0.000
Emotional Well-Being	0.034	1.160	0.251	0.018	−0.058	−1.013	0.315	0.014	−0.015	−0.239	0.812	0.001
Social Functioning	0.042	0.895	0.374	0.011	−0.193	−2.210	0.031	0.062	0.019	0.199	0.843	0.001
Pain	0.043	1.481	0.144	0.028	−0.021	−0.375	0.709	0.002	−0.080	−1.326	0.190	0.023
General Health	0.038	1.110	0.271	0.017	−0.069	−1.032	0.306	0.015	−0.113	−1.601	0.115	0.035
Pain Intensity	−0.016	−1.522	0.133	0.035	0.032	1.521	0.133	0.035	0.005	0.221	0.825	0.001
Pain Interference	0.007	0.780	0.438	0.006	0.014	0.826	0.412	0.007	0.002	0.103	0.918	0.000

Notes: Each linear regression model is adjusted for participant age, sex, race (white vs non-white), and MORPH vs MORPH-II. Bold text denotes a given component score is a statistically significant predictor of the dependent variable (p < 0.05). R² values capture the partial R² associated with the component score.

Table 3 Relationships Between the First Three Individual Component Scores at Baseline and 12-Week Change in Health-Related Quality of Life and Pain Symptoms, Adjusted for Baseline Scores

Dependent Variable	Component 1				Component 2				Component 3
	B	t	p	R^2	B	t	p	R^2	B	t	p	R^2
SF-36
Physical Function	0.094	2.420	0.019	0.070	−0.229	−3.911	<0.001	0.158	0.119	1.667	0.101	0.035
Physical Role Limitations	0.059	0.785	0.436	0.008	−0.282	−2.037	0.047	0.052	−0.027	−0.174	0.863	0.000
Emotional Role Limitations	0.132	2.012	0.049	0.047	−0.254	−2.021	0.048	0.047	−0.050	−0.359	0.721	0.002
Energy/Fatigue	0.112	3.732	<0.001	0.155	−0.090	−1.464	0.149	0.029	−0.007	−0.111	0.912	0.000
Emotional Well-Being	0.035	1.568	0.123	0.035	−0.058	−1.363	0.179	0.027	−0.084	−1.899	0.063	0.051
Social Functioning	0.086	2.078	0.043	0.044	−0.141	−1.679	0.099	0.030	−0.059	−0.673	0.504	0.005
Pain	0.086	2.724	0.009	0.084	−0.120	−1.946	0.057	0.046	−0.036	−0.518	0.606	0.003
General Health	0.081	3.171	0.003	0.126	−0.108	−2.091	0.041	0.060	0.027	0.468	0.641	0.003
Pain Intensity	−0.039	−3.077	0.003	0.099	0.045	1.786	0.080	0.037	0.034	1.254	0.215	0.019
Pain Interference	−0.011	−0.774	0.443	0.009	0.055	2.074	0.043	0.064	0.011	0.397	0.693	0.003

Notes: Each linear regression model is adjusted for participant age, sex, race (white vs non-white), MORPH vs MORPH-II, baseline score, and group assignment. Bold text denotes a given component score is a statistically significant predictor of the dependent variable (p < 0.05). R² values capture the partial R² associated with the component score.