Functional Status in Relation to Common Geriatric Syndromes and Sociodemographic Variables – A Step Forward Towards Healthy Aging

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive Characteristics of the Study Population (N=342)

Demographic Variables	Number (%)	No. of Geriatric Syndromes^a Mean± SD	P Value(ANOVA/t-Test)
Mean No. of GS		3.11±1.74
Age Groups	Mean± SD	75.50±7.42	0.001
60–69	72 (21.1)	2.56±1.67
70–79	164 (48.0)	3.07±1.67
≥ 80	106 (31.0)	3.55±1.70
Sex			0.728
Males	130 (38.0)	3.07±1.77
Females	212 (62.0)	3.14±1.72
Marital Status			<0.001
Unmarried	98 (28.7)	3.76±2.05
Currently married	231 (67.5)	2.84±1.52
Education			0.036
Primary School or less	186 (54.4)	3.31±1.71
High School	80 (23.4)	2.73±1.55
University Degree	76 (22.2)	3.03±1.94
Employment status			0.195
Retiree	143 (41.8)	3.22±1.77
Housewife	154 (45.0)	3.13±1.75
Currently employed	45 (13.2)	2.69±1.56
Living			<0.001
Alone	25 (7.3)	3.68±2.02
With partner	133 (38.9)	2.59±1.44
With family	184 (53.8)	3.41±1.81
Primary Caregiver			<0.001
Self	215 (62.9)	2.64±1.53
Partner	33 (9.6)	3.45±1.56
Family	94 (27.5)	4.07±1.83
No. of Multimorbidities			<0.001
0–1	30 (8.8)	2.43 ± 1.63
2–4	216 (63.1)	2.94 ± 1.68
≥ 5	96 (28.1)	3.70 ± 1.75
No. of Medications			<0.001
0–4	70 (20.5)	1.93 ± 1.58
5–9	172 (50.3)	3.28 ± 1.62
≥ 10	100 (29.2)	3.64 ± 1.68
Baseline Function	Mean Katz	5.12± 1.70
Independent in ADLs (Katz Index =6)	228 (66.7)	2.66±1.61	<0.001
Dependent in ≥1 ADL (Katz Index ≤ 5)	114 (33.3)	4.02±1.635

Notes: ^aGeriatric Syndromes include: Major Neurocognitive Disorder, depression, polypharmacy, sensory impairment, chronic musculoskeletal pain, dizziness, urinary incontinence, constipation, insomnia, and recurrent falls. Total number is 10 syndromes.

Figure 1 Prevalence of Geriatric Syndromes and functional dependence among the study cohort.

Table 2 The Prevalence of Geriatric Syndromes and Functional Dependence Among Age Strata

Geriatric Syndromes	Total N (%)	Age Group 60–69 N (%)^a	Age Group 70–79 N (%)	Age Group +80 N (%)^a	P value^b
Total	342	72 (21.1)	164 (48.0)	106 (31.0)
MND	112 (32.7)	14 (19.4)	50 (30.5)	48 (45.3)	<0.001
Males	47 (36.2)				0.293
Females	65 (30.7)
Depression	95 (27.8)	18 (25.0)	48 (29.3)	29 (27.4)	0.793
Males	35 (26.9)				0.782
Females	60 (28.3)
Polypharmacy	272 (79.5)	51 (70.8)	139 (84.8)	82 (77.4)	0.458
Males	95 (73.1)				0.021
Females	177 (83.5)
Sensory Impairment	69 (20.2)	7 (9.7)	33 (20.1)	29 (27.4)	0.004
Males	38 (29.2)				0.001
Females	31 (14.6)
Musculoskeletal Pain	170 (49.7)	39 (54.2)	82 (50.0)	49 (46.2)	0.297
Males	56 (43.1)				0.055
Females	114 (53.8)
Dizziness	82 (24.0)	11 (15.3)	40 (24.4)	31 (29.2)	0.036
Males	40 (30.8)				0.021
Females	42 (19.8)
Constipation	66 (19.3)	7 (9.7)	32 (19.5)	27 (25.5)	0.010
Males	20 (15.4)				0.151
Females	46 (21.7)
Urinary Incontinence	81 (23.7)	12 (16.7)	36 (22.0)	33 (31.1)	0.021
Males	32 (24.6)				0.751
Females	49 (23.1)
Insomnia	80 (23.4)	16 (22.2)	31 (18.9)	33 (31.1)	0.106
Males	24 (18.5)				0.092
Females	56 (26.4)
Recurrent Falls	37 (10.8)	9 (12.5)	13 (7.9)	15 (14.2)	0.572
Males	12 (9.2)				0.459
Females	25 (11.8)
Functional Dependence	114 (33.3)	12 (16.7)	47 (28.7)	55 (51.9)	<0.001
Males	43 (33.1)				0.937
Females	71 (33.5)

Notes: ^aPercentages are within the age groups category. ^bP value of Mantel-Haenszel test of trend for age groups and Chi-Square test for sex groups.

Table 3 Hierarchical Multiple Regression Model Predicting Functional Dependence from Geriatric Syndromes^a

Geriatric Syndromes	B	t	95% Confidence Interval Lower Limit Upper Limit		P value
Constant	8.573	11.006			< 0.001
Age	−0.035	−3.339	−0.055	−0.014	0.001
Gender	0.024	0.159	−0.278	0.327	0.874
Major Neurocognitive Disorder	−0.535	−3.218	−0.862	−0.208	0.001
Depression	−0.345	−2.009	−0.683	−0.007	0.045
Polypharmacy	−0.178	−0.967	−0.540	0.184	0.334
Sensory Impairment	−0.191	−0.991	−0.570	0.188	0.323
Musculoskeletal Pain	0.024	0.162	−0.265	0.313	0.871
Dizziness	0.366	2.007	0.019	0.713	0.039
Constipation	−0.351	−1.868	−0.720	0.019	0.063
Urinary Incontinence	−1.337	−7.117	−1.706	−0.967	< 0.001
Insomnia	−0.293	−1.578	−0.659	0.072	0.116
Recurrent Falls	0.084	0.355	−0.381	0.548	0.723

Notes: ^aAge and gender were entered into Model 1, then Major Neurocognitive Disorder was added to Model 2 before the rest of the GS being added to the final model (Model 3).