Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency during the summer and its relationship with sun exposure and skin phototype in elderly men living in the tropics

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants (N = 284)

Variable	Results (mean ± SD or N [%])
Age (in years)	69.44 ± 6.49
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.67 ± 4.31
Sun index	5.49 ± 5.05
25(OH)D (ng/mL)	27.86 ± 13.52
Age group (years)
60–69	144 (50.7)
70–79	118 (41.5)
≥80	22 (7.8)
Schooling
Literate	40 (14.1)
Primary school education incomplete	195 (68.7)
Basic education	24 (8.4)
Secondary education	25 (8.8)
Income*
≤US$4,200/year	163 (62.0)
>US$4,200/year	100 (38.0)
Skin type
I + II + III	94 (33.1)
IV + V + VI	190 (66.9)

Note:

* Annual income equivalent in US$, at the exchange rate of US$1 = R$1.65.

Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25 hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 1 Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in elderly men according to serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D level.

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

Figure 2 Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels (mean ± standard deviation) according to sun index quartile (Q).

Table 2 Factors independently associated with 25 hydroxyvitamin D deficiency after linear regression

Variable	Coefficient		P-value
	Non-standardized	Standardized
Sun index	0.410	0.152	0.016*
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	−0.363	−0.112	0.075
Calcium intake (mg/day)	3.067	0.097	0.125
Constant	32.911
R	0.049
R^2	0.222

Note:

* Significant at 5.0%.