Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for cognitive impairment: current insights

Figures & data

Table 1 T2DM and risk of dementia, AD, or VD

Study	Participants	Number of participants	Age at baseline (years) mean ± SD	Major findings
Rotterdam study^Citation6	Older persons over 55-years-old living in a suburb of Rotterdam	6,370 (692 diabetics)	T2DM: 72.6±8.8, non-T2DM: 68.4±8.6	T2DM increased all dementia (RR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3–2.8) and AD (RR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2–3.1)
Religious orders study^Citation7	Catholic nuns, priests, and brothers in the US	824 (127 diabetics)	T2DM: 74.4±6.1, non-T2DM: 75.2±7.1	T2DM increased AD incidence (HR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.10–2.47)
Honolulu Asia Aging Study^Citation8	Japanese American men in Hawaii	2,574 (900 diabetics)	T2DM: 77.0±4.1, non-T2DM: 76.9±4.0	T2DM increased all dementia (RR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.01–2.2), AD (RR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1–2.9), and VD (RR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.1–5.0)
Hisayama study^Citation9	Japanese community dwellers in a suburb of a metropolitan area in Japan	1,017 (150 diabetics)	T2DM: 69±6, non-T2DM: 68±6	T2DM increased all dementia (HR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.19–2.53), AD (HR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.18–3.57), and VD (HR: 1.82, 95% CI: 0.89–3.71)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; HR, hazard ratio; RR, relative risk; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; VD, vascular dementia.

Figure 1 Mechanism of T2DM-associated cognitive dysfunction.

Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; BBB, blood–brain barrier; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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