Depression and frailty in later life: a systematic review

Figures & data

Figure 1 Search and inclusion strategies.

Table 1 Studies included in the review

Studies	Population	Size (N)	Sex	Age (years)	Frailty criteria	Depressive symptoms measure	Length of follow-up	Frailty prevalence	Depressive symptoms prevalence	Prevalence of depressive symptoms in frail participants
Cross-sectional studies
Chang et al^Citation23	Women’s Health and Aging Studies I and II (WHAS I and WHAS II)	620	F	70–79	Fried	GDS	–	11.13%	–	15.2% + anemia
Jürschik et al^Citation19	Assessing Frailty in Elderly People study in Lleida, Spain (FRALLE)	640	M,F	≥75	Fried	CES-D	–	9.6%	–	32.5%
Lohman et al^Citation22	2010 Health and Retirement Study (HRS)	3,453	M,F	≥65	Fried	CES-D	–	10.8%	11.0%*	20.7%*
Lohman et al^Citation21	2008 Health and Retirement Study (HRS)	3,665	M,F	≥65	Fried	CES-D		9.3%	11.0%*	26.5%
Mezuk et al^Citation14	Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA)	330	M,F	≥55	Fried	DIS DIS-MD	–	21.1%	19.4%	69% of mildly depressed and also frail
Pegorari and Santos Taveres^Citation20	Uberaba, MG, Brazil	958	M,F	>60	Fried	GDS	–	12.8%	25.3%	44.7%
Sánchez-García et al^Citation18	Study on Aging and Dementia in Mexico (SADEM)	1,933	M,F	≥60	Fried and Walston	CES-D	–	15.7%	22.7%	53.8%
Longitudinal studies
Collard et al^Citation25	Invecchiare in Chianti, aging in the Chianti area (InCHIANTI)	888	M,F	≥65	Fried	CES-D	3, 6, 9 yr	6.8% (B)	21.3% (B) 30.6% (I all follow-up)	16.4%
Feng et al^Citation24	Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study (SLAS-I)	2,804	M,F	≥55	Fried	GDS	2, 4 yr	2.5% (B)	11.4% (B)	28.3%
								–	3.8% (I)	20.9%
								–	2.4% (I)	8.0%
Fried et al^Citation1	Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS)	5,317	M,F	≥65	Fried		–	6.9% (B)	9.9% (B)	31.0%
								7.2% (I)	–
La Croix et al^Citation28	Women’s Health Initiative	25,378	F	65–79	Fried	CES-D	3 yr	–	10.2% (B)	–
	Observational Study (WHI-OS)							13.6% (I)
Lakey et al^Citation27	Women’s Health Initiative	27,652	F	65–79	Fried	CES-D	3 yr	–	6.5% (B)	–
	Observational Study (WHI-OS)					DIS		14.9% (I)	–
Makizako et al^Citation29	Obu Study of Health Promotion for the Elderly (OSHPE)	3,025	M,F	≥65	Fried	GDS	15 mo		–	–
								18.6% (I)	7.5% (I)
Woods et al^Citation26	Women’s Health Initiative (WHI)	40,657	F	65–79	Fried	CES-D	3 yr	16.3% (B)	–	26.7%
								14.8% (I)	–	24.1%

Note:

* Where prevalence was not reported, it was calculated as a percentage of the total number of participants.

Abbreviations: B, baseline; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies depression; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; I, incident; mo, month; yr, year; DIS, Diagnostic Interview Schedule; DIS-MD, Diagnostic Interview-Major Depression; M, male; F, female.

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