Comparative analysis of the expected demands for nursing care services among older people from urban, rural, and institutional environments

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the respondents (n=2,627)

	Urban environment (n=935)	Rural environment (n=812)	Institutionalized (n=880)	Statistical significance
Age (years)	71.7 (5.3)	73.0 (6.6)*	79.0 (7.9)*,†	F=302.0; P<0.001
Men, n (%)	292 (31.2)	322 (39.7)*	204 (23.2)*,†	χ^2=53.5; P<0.001
Education (years)	10.7 (3.5)	7.4 (2.7)*	8.1 (3.3)*,†	F=252.9; P<0.001
Smokers, n (%)	103 (11.0)	181 (22.3)*	133 (15.1)*,†	χ^2=41.9; P<0.001
Ischemic heart disease, n (%)	359 (38.4)	252 (31.0)*	330 (37.5)†	χ^2=11.87; P=0.003
Hypertension, n (%)	547 (58.5)	484 (59.6)	537 (61.0)	NS
Chronic heart failure, n (%)	282 (30.2)	253 (31.2)	354 (40.2)*,†	χ^2=24.3; P<0.001
Post-myocardial infarction, n (%)	100 (10.7)	83 (10.2)	99 (11.3)	NS
Post-stroke, n (%)	56 (6.0)	73 (9.0)*	174 (19.8)*,†	χ^2=91.7; P<0.001
Musculoskeletal disorders, n (%)	418 (44.7)	260 (32.0)*	423 (48.1)†	χ^2=49.3; P<0.001
Respiratory disorders, n (%)	59 (6.3)	97 (12.0)*	122 (13.9)*	χ^2=29.6; P<0.001
Gastrointestinal disorders, n (%)	135 (14.4)	38 (4.7)*	118 (13.4)†	χ^2=49.3; P<0.001
Diabetes, n (%)	187 (20.0)	196 (24.2)*	168 (19.1)†	χ^2=7.4; P=0.02
Ocular disorders (glaucoma, cataract), n (%)	132 (14.1)	73 (9.0)*	191 (21.7)*,†	χ^2=54.3; P<0.001
Osteoporosis, n (%)	122 (13.1)	43 (5.3)*	184 (20.9)*,†	χ^2=89.4; P<0.001
Medications (number)	4.5 (3.2)	4.7 (2.9)	5.8 (3.4)*,†	F=40.8; P<0.001
Body mass index (kg* m^−2)	27.6 (4.6)	27.1 (5.3)	25.8 (4.9)*,†	F=30.7; P<0.001
MNA	24.9 (3.2)	23.1 (3.9)*	21.3 (4.8)*,†	F=177.8; P<0.001
GDS	4.9 (3.4)	6.9 (3.5)*	6.8 (4.0)*	F=86.5; P<0.001
MMSE	27.5 (3.3)	26.1 (5.4)*	21.9 (6.2)*,†	F=288.3; P<0.001
ADL	5.7 (0.7)	5.3 (1.2)*	4.4 (2.0)*,†	F=219.2; P<0.001
IADL	7.3 (1.7)	4.9 (3.0)*	3.6 (3.0)*†	F=468.1; P<0.001

Notes:

* Significantly different (P<0.05) from urban environment;

† significantly different (P<0.05) from rural environment. Data presented as mean (standard deviation) and numbers (percentages).

Abbreviations: NS, not significant; MNA, mini nutritional assessment; ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; GDS, geriatric depression scale; MMSE, mini-mental state examination.

Table 2 Expectations for care and nursing services in elderly people from urban, rural, and institutional environments (n=2,586)

	Urban environment (n=910)	Rural environment (n=808)	Institutionalized (n=868)	Statistical significance
Respondent would like to use care of (%)
Family/friends/neighbors	56.6	54.7	33.1*,†	χ^2=343.4; P<0.001
Family nurse practitioner	24.6	19.2*	57.5*,†
Family/friends/neighbors and family nurse practitioner	18.8	26.1*	9.4*,†

Notes:

* Significantly different (P<0.05) from urban environment;

† significantly different (P<0.05) from rural environment.

Table 3 Expected forms of care and nursing services (more than one answer possible) depending on the environment of residence (urban or rural) (n=1,718)

Preferred form of nursing care (%)	Urban environment (n=910)	Rural environment (n=808)	Statistical significance
Family member (husband/wife/partner, children, grandchildren)	68.6	75.7	P=0.001
Friends/neighbors	6.3	8.0	NS
Care by social assistants of the Polish Red Cross/Polish Social Assistance Committee	3.5	0.4	NS
Nursing care at place of residence	19.8	10.8	P<0.001
Direct contact with a nurse at an out-patient clinic	2.7	0.5	P<0.001
Contact with a nurse by mobile phone	9.9	1.1	P<0.001
Stay in a nursing home	4.2	3.6	NS
Stay in hospital	5.9	33.8	P<0.001
Other form of care	4.3	0.1	P<0.001

Abbreviation: NS, not significant.

Table 4 Expectations for care and nursing services depending on the family situation (n=1,718)

	Living with a spouse/partner (n=466)	Living with family (n=813)	Living alone (n=439)	Statistical significance
Respondent would like to use care of (%)
Family/friends/neighbors	55.1	62.0*	47.8*,†	χ^2=37.5; P<0.001
Family nurse practitioner	22.9	16.3*	30.3*,†
Both family/friends/neighbors and family nurse practitioner	22.0	21.7	21.9

Notes:

* Significantly different (P<0.05) from respondents living with a spouse/partner;

† significantly different (P<0.05) from respondents living with family.

Table 5 Expectations for care and nursing services depending on the care provided (n=1,718)

	No caregivers (n=485)	Care is provided by a spouse/family/friend/neighbor (n=1,144)	Care is provided by a family nurse practitioner (n=89)	Statistical significance
Respondent would like to use care of (%)
Family/friends/neighbors	51.0	61.0*	12.4*,†	χ^2=98.7; P<0.001
Family nurse practitioner	28.7	17.3*	47.2*,†
Both family/friends/neighbors and family nurse practitioner	20.3	21.7	40.4*,†

Notes:

* Significantly different (P<0.05) from respondents who do not have any care provided;

† significantly different (P<0.05) from respondents who have spouse/family/friend/neighbor care.

Table 6 Independent predictors of demand for nursing care by the community-dwelling elderly from urban environment (n=910)

	Odds ratio for expectations for nursing carea
Form of care – care provided by family	0.61*** (0.45–0.81)

Notes:

*** P<0.001;

a adjusted for age and sex. Data presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Table 7 Independent predictors of demand for nursing care by the community-dwelling elderly from rural environment (n=808)

	Odds ratios for expectations for nursing carea
Musculoskeletal disorders	0.54** (0.39–0.76)
MNA	0.94** (0.90–0.97)
GDS	1.06* (1.01–1.11)
MMSE	1.05** (1.02–1.09)
Family situation – living alone	2.11*** (1.34–3.32)
Form of care – care provided by family	0.37*** (0.23–0.58)

Notes:

* P<0.05;

** P<0.01;

*** P<0.001;

a adjusted for age and sex. Data presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Abbreviations: MNA, mini nutritional assessment; GDS, geriatric depression scale; MMSE, mini-mental state examination.

Table 8 Independent predictors of demand for nursing care by the community-dwelling elderly from both urban and rural environments (n=1,718)

	Odds ratios for expectations for nursing carea
Musculoskeletal disorders	0.71*** (0.58–0.87)
MNA	0.94*** (0.92–0.97)
Family situation – living alone	1.38*** (1.09–1.75)
Form of care – care provided by family	0.51*** (0.41–0.63)

Notes:

*** P<0.001;

a adjusted for age and sex. Data presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Abbreviation: MNA, mini nutritional assessment.