Mild cognitive impairment and its management in older people

Figures & data

Table 1 Some of the possible mild cognitive impairment risk factors in the elderly

Somatic factors
Metabolic conditions	Hyperhomocysteinemia
	Chronic renal failure
	Deficiency of vitamins
	(B12, B6, D, E)
	Folate deficiency
Endocrine problems	Testosterone deficiency
	Subclinical thyroid dysfunction
	Reduced level of estrogens
Cardiovascular problems	Hypertension
	Hyperlipidemia
Age
Vision and hearing loss
Lower physical activity
Diet
Educational level
Socioeconomic status
Sleep disorder
Substance abuse
Environment
Chronic pain
Ethnicity
Living alone
Sex
Stress
Depression
Fatigue
Neuroticism
Smoking habit
Alcohol consumption
Down syndrome
Excess exposure to aluminum
Head injury
Genetic factors
	Apolipoprotein E
	Paraoxonase
	Catechol-O-methyltransferase
	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
	Non-coding RNAs, such as miRNA

Table 2 List of some neuroimaging techniques to diagnose mild cognitive impairment

Neuroimaging technique
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Functional MRI
Diffusion tensor imaging
Diffusion weighted imaging
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Positron emission tomography
Single photon emission computerized tomography

Abbreviation: MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Table 3 List of some clinical tests to diagnose mild cognitive impairment

Clinical tests
Intelligence testing
Mini-mental state examination
Clinical dementia rating scale
Neuropsychiatric inventory
Short form neuropsychiatric inventory questionnaire
Structured interview for diagnosis of dementia
Global deterioration scale
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition
Informant questionnaire on cognitive decline
Clock drawing test

Table 4 List of some chemicals suggested for mild cognitive impairment treatment

Chemicals
Cognitive enhancers	Cholinesterase inhibitors (galantamine)
	Memantine
COX-2 inhibitors	Rofecoxib
	Celecoxib
Antioxidants	Vitamin E
Neurotonics	Piracetam
Sex steroid hormones	Testosterone supplements, estrogens
Dopamine agonists
Cytidine diphosphate-choline
Omega 3 fatty acids
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors	MEM-1414
Vasoactive intestinal peptide	AL-208
Calcium channel blockers	Nimodipine
Metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists	C-105
Serotonin receptor (5HT6) antagonists	SGS-518
G-aminobutyric acid B receptor antagonists	SGS-742
Anti-amyloid therapies	Fibrillogenesis inhibitors
	Vaccines
	Secretase inhibitors (rofecoxib)