Kinematic analysis of motor strategies in frail aged adults during the Timed Up and Go: how to spot the motor frailty?

Figures & data

Table 1 FG subjects

Patient	Age (years)	Height (m)	Health problems
P1	94	1.55	COPD, heart insufficiency, arthritis
P2	83	1.65
P3	88	1.65	Dietary supplements
P4	87	1.70	Idiopathic neuropathy
P5	95	1.50
P6	83	1.65	Early Alzheimer’s disease and arthritis
P7	85	1.60
P8	87	1.60	Ulcerative colitis and neurological problems (sensory deep) at the knee
P9	86	1.60	COPD treated with bronchial dilators
P10	91	1.55	Dietary supplements

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FG, frail group.

Figure 1 Trunk angle calculation.

Figure 2 Comparison of trunk angle (A and B) and ratio (C and D) values between ten FG and ten YG subjects during STS and BTS.

Notes: The red circles represent the three subjects with worrying transfers. The solid line passes through the mean values for each group.
Abbreviations: BTS, back-to-sit; FG, frail group; STS, sit-to-stand; YG, young group.

Figure 3 Distribution of the STS (A), BTS (B), and TUG (C) durations for ten FG and ten YG subjects.

Notes: The red circles represent the three subjects with worrying transfers. The solid line passes through the mean for each group.
Abbreviations: BTS, back-to-sit; FG, frail group; STS, sit-to-stand; TUG, Timed Up and Go; YG, young group.

Table 2 Cohen’s d of the parameters that allow visualization of differences between FG and YG subjects

Parameters	d
STS trunk angle	2.154
TUG duration	1.762
BTS trunk angle	1.692
BTS duration	1.072
STS ratio	0.808

Abbreviations: BTS, back-to-sit; FG, frail group; STS, sit-to-stand; TUG, Timed Up and Go; YG, young group.

Figure 4 The distribution of the BTS trunk angles (A) and the STS ratio (B) relative to the TUG duration.

Notes: The red circles represent the three subjects with worrying transfers. The solid line denotes the line of best fit.
Abbreviations: BTS, back-to-sit; STS, sit-to-stand; TUG, Timed Up and Go; FG, frail group; YG, young group.