Additive effect of linseed oil supplementation on the lipid profiles of older adults

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participantsa

Variables (n/%)	PG (n=53)	LG (n=57)
Female	42 (79.2%)	49 (86%)
Non-European	30 (56.6%)	30 (52.6%)
Married	42 (79.2%)	41 (7.0%)
Income of 1–3 minimum salaries	46 (86.8%)	52 (91.2%)
Education for up to 9 years	34 (64.1%)	36 (68.4%)
Diabetes mellitus	13 (24.5%)	17 (29.8%)
Systemic arterial hypertension	34 (64.2%)	37 (64.9%)
Other*	15 (28.3%)	23 (40.4%)
Healthy	8 (15.1%)	6 (10.5%)
Smokers	4 (7.5%)	–
Physically active	43 (81.1%)	41 (71.9%)

Notes:

a There was no statistically significant difference between groups (P>0.05), by chi-square test.

* Other diseases included hypothyroidism (n=21), hyperthyroidism (n=11), arthrosis (n=7), osteoporosis (n=9), and Parkinson’s disease (n=1).

Abbreviations: LG, linseed oil + nutritional guidelines group; PG, placebo + nutritional guidelines group.

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the volunteers who started the study

Variable	PG (n=73)			LG (n=70)
	Not completed (n=20)	Completed (n=53)	P-value	Not completed (n=13)	Completed (n=57)	P-value
Age (years)	66.2±4.5	66.7±4.7	0.213	67.0±7.1	67.6±5.5	0.374
BMI (kg/m^2)	28.8±5.8	28.7±4.6	0.673	28.3±3.6	28.6±5.4	0.286
WC (cm)	89.4±11.6	90.4±10.8	0.456	85.1±11.9	88.7±11.2	0.401
Free fat mass (kg)	36.5±9.4	36.5±6.9	0.507	36.9±5.39	37.2±7.5	0.813
Glucose (mg/dL)	93.1±29.3	113.0±49.4	0.324	95.7±33.5	98.3±37.4	0.593
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	201.3±32.4	215.5±42.6	0.481	200.0±42.1	217.0±30.4	0.859
LDL (mg/dL)	131.1±27.2	138.9±36.6	0.687	128.5±44.0	138.2±32.3	0.635
HDL (mg/dL)	42.7±12.9	40.4±10.7	0.507	40.8±5.5	41.2±8.2	0.900
VLDL (mg/dL)	31.84±8.14	34.6±13.6	0.500	30.5±14.5	37.0±13.6	0.722
TG (mg/dL)	159.2±40.7	173.3±68.4	0.778	153.5±72.8	184.9±68.4	0.767

Notes: Values expressed as mean ± standard deviation; there was no statistical difference between the groups (P>0.05) by Mann–Whitney U-test.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TG, triglycerides; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein; WC, waist circumference; LG, linseed oil + nutritional guidelines group; PG, placebo + nutritional guidelines group.

Table 3 Dietary composition of participants in the PG and LG groups before and after intervention

Variables	PG (n=53)			LG (n=57)			Δ comparison
	Before intervention	Δ	P-value	Before intervention	Δ	P-value	P-value
Calories (kcal)	1,369±410	−167±529	0.050	1,300±463	−138±515	0.040	0.524
Proteins (g)	72.4±33.4	−5.26±47.5	0.700	63.7±25.2	−6.4±36.3	0.060	0.315
Carbohydrate (g)	191.5±70.6	−21.5±88.8	0.090	184.5±84	−22.5±99	0.090	0.891
Fiber (g)	20.7±9.4	−2.4±2.9	0.220	17.9±7.7	−1.2±10.4	0.260	0.853
Total fat (g)	37.7±21.2	−8.1±22.8	0.010	35.7±21.1	−2.4±27	0.910	0.283
Saturated fat (g)	14.7±10.1	−4.0±10.6	0.001	12.8±8.7	−2.0±10.3	0.270	0.257
Mono-fat (g)	12.9±8.7	−2.7±8	0.010	12.9±9.9	−2.4±10.9	0.280	0.312
Poly-fat (g)	5.1±4.5	−0.83±5.3	0.520	5.3±3.9	1.1±5.0	0.020	<0.001
Trans-fat (g)	1.6±3.3	−0.61±4	0.090	2.1±4.2	−10.6±55	0.420	0.751
Cholesterol (g)	176±118	−32.8±156	0.220	199±179	−46.1±191	0.110	0.702

Notes: Values expressed as the mean (standard deviation); Δ, variation after 90 days of intervention; there was no statistical difference between groups during pre-intervention (P>0.05); comparison before and after intervention (Wilcoxon’s test); variable comparison between groups (Mann–Whitney U-test). Values are in bold are statistically significant.

Abbreviations: LG, linseed oil + nutritional guidelines group; PG, placebo + nutritional guidelines group.

Table 4 Nutrition status and lipid profile of participants before and after intervention with placebo or linseed oil

Variables	PG (n=53)			LG (n=57)			Δ comparison
	Pre-intervention	Δ	P-value	Pre-intervention	Δ	P-value	P-value
Anthropometric variables
BMI	28.7±4.6	−0.20±0.7	0.060	28.6±5.4	−0.10±0.4	0.060	0.496
WC (cm)	90.4±10.8	−0.62±4.2	0.390	88.7±11.2	−0.38±3.8	0.450	0.907
Free fat mass (kg)	45.9±9.8	−0.37±3.3	0.466	45.5±8	−0.34±3.0	0.500	0.990
Fat mass (%)	36.5±6.9	0.9±4.8	0.115	37.2±7.5	0.23±4.3	0.950	0.315
Biochemical variables (mg/d	L)
TC	215±42.6	−28.5±32.9	<0.001	217±30.4	−30.7±27.1	<0.001	0.280
LDL	139±36.6	−21.7±26	<0.001	138±22.5	−32.57±31.9	<0.001	0.068
HDL	40.4±10.7	1.6±6.3	0.060	41.2±8.2	8.8±7.2	<0.001	<0.001
VLDL	34.1±13.5	−7.0±11.6	<0.001	37.0±13.6	−6.8±10.9	<0.001	0.808
TG	170±67.6	−35.2±57.9	<0.001	184±68.4	−34.0±54.8	<0.001	0.829

Notes: Values are expressed as the mean (standard deviation); Δ, variation after 90-day intervention; comparison before and after intervention (Wilcoxon’s test). Variable comparison between groups (Mann–Whitney U-test). Values are in bold are statistically significant.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein; WC, waist circumference; LG, linseed oil + nutritional guidelines group; PG, placebo + nutritional guidelines group.

Table 5 Variation of lipid profile in the PG and LG groups according to dietary intake of saturated fatty acid

Variables	PG (n=53)			LG (n=57)		P-value
	<7% TEV saturated fat	>7% TEV saturated fat	P-value	<7% TEV saturated fat	>7% TEV saturated fat
Pre-intervention
TC	218.9±41.5	221.72±28.5	0.09	213.8±43.7	214.1±31.7	0.07
LDL	145.3±38.8	142.4±26.4	0.10	135.6±35.5	135.7±35.7	0.09
HDL	40.8±11.9	41.6±7.9	0.12	40.2±10.3	41.0±8.5	0.10
VLDL	32.6±9.5	37.5±12.28	0.09	34.9±15.2	36.6±14.6	0.16
TG	163.50±47.7	174.6±76.2	0.07	187.7±61.8	183.2±71.1	0.08
Post-intervention
TC	184.1±31.0a	199.2±18.6a	0.03	181.5±23.3a	183.2±23.8a	0.12
LDL	128.4±31.02a	114.4±22.3a	0.04	103.3±23.2a	102.3±22.9a	0.05
HDL	40.23±11.0	43.9±6.5	0.09	50.8±6.1a	48.0±7.3a	0.04
VLDL	28.7±9.4	31.4±7.5	0.11	26.2±8.8	29.4±9.0	0.06
TG	127.0±47.1a	142.4±44.1a	0.08	141.8±37.8a	159.7±45.0a	0.02

Notes: Values are expressed as the mean (standard deviation); Δ, variation after 90-day intervention;

a significant difference between before and after intervention; comparison before and after intervention (Wilcoxon’s test); variable comparison between groups (Mann–Whitney U-test).

Abbreviations: LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein; LG, linseed oil + nutritional guidelines group; PG, placebo + nutritional guidelines group; TEV, total energy value.