Sleep cognitions associated with anxiety and depression in the elderly

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive statistics for the sociodemographic variables according to the presence or absence of an anxiety or mood disorder

	Asymptomatic		Depressive		Anxious		χ^2
	n	%	n	%	n	%
I need eight hours of sleep to feel rested
“Totally disagree” or “agree a bit”	1,113	44.6	60	37.3	43	42.4
“Generally”, “very much”, or “totally agree”	1,381	55.4	101	62.7	59	57.8
I should go to bed earlier at night
“Totally disagree” or “agree a bit”	1,994	80.0	124	77.0	78	75.7
“Generally”, “very much”, or “totally agree”	499	20.0	37	23.0	25	24.3
I should stay in bed and keep trying to sleep							**
“Totally disagree” or “agree a bit”	1,779	72.1	119	73.9	57	55.3
“Generally”, “very much”, or “totally agree”	689	27.9	42	26.1	46	44.7
Normal not to sleep as well when we get older
“Totally disagree” or “agree a bit”	1,572	63.3	93	59.1	68	66.7
“Generally”, “very much”, or “totally agree”	911	36.7	67	41.9	34	33.3
I should stay in bed longer in the morning							*
“Totally disagree” or “agree a bit”	2,141	86.0	129	80.1	82	80.4
“Generally”, “very much”, or “totally agree”	349	14.0	32	19.9	20	19.6
Having a lot of worries in my mind							**
“Not at all” or “a bit”	1,867	71.8	75	46.6	35	75.0
“Moderately”, “a lot”, or “extremely”	621	28.2	86	54.3	68	25.0
Having a lot of thoughts in my head							**
“Not at all” or “a bit”	1,288	51.7	43	26.7	29	28.2
“Moderately”, “a lot”, or “extremely”	1,204	48.3	118	73.3	74	71.8
Being worried about the idea of sleeping							**
“Not at all” or “a bit”	2,224	89.2	133	82.6	75	78.2
“Moderately”, “a lot”, or “extremely”	268	10.8	28	17.4	28	27.2
Age							*
Under 75 years	1,430	57.3	107	66.5	65	63.7
75 years and over	1,064	42.7	54	33.5	37	36.3
Sex							**
Male	1,057	42.4	46	28.6	29	28.4
Female	1,438	57.6	115	71.4	73	71.6
Civil status
Married or living together	1,150	46.3	70	44.0	50	49.5
Single, separated, divorced, or widowed	1,336	53.7	83	56.0	51	50.5
Schooling
None to secondary	1,618	64.9	108	67.1	58	56.3
Postsecondary	876	35.1	53	32.9	45	43.7
Annual household income
Under $25,000	1,229	49.3	77	47.5	51	49.5
$25,000 and over	1,264	50.7	85	52.5	52	50.5
Sleep efficiency							*
80% or more	1,624	72.5	94	65.3	56	61.5
Less than 80%	617	27.5	50	34.7	35	38.5

Notes:

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01.

Table 2 ORs and 95% CIs for sleep-related cognitions predicting the presence or absence of an anxiety or mood disorder

	Depressive vs asymptomatica		Anxious vs asymptomatica		Depressive vs anxiousa
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
I need eight hours of sleep to feel rested
“Totally disagree” or “agree a bit”	0.79	0.54–1.15	0.93	0.58–1.50	0.84	0.47–1.52
“Generally”, “very much”, or “totally agree”	1.00		1.00		1.00
I should go to bed earlier at night
“Totally disagree” or “agree a bit”	0.81	0.53–1.25	1.14	0.66–1.97	0.72	0.37–1.39
“Generally”, “very much”, or “totally agree”	1.00		1.00		1.00
I should stay in bed and keep trying to sleep
“Totally disagree” or “agree a bit”	1.33	0.88–2.00	0.43**	0.27–0.68	3.07**	1.69–5.58
“Generally”, “very much”, or “totally agree”	1.00		1.00		1.00
Normal not to sleep as well when we get older
“Totally disagree” or “agree a bit”	0.89	0.61–1.28	1.76*	1.08–2.86	0.50*	0.28–0.91
“Generally”, “very much”, or “totally agree”	1.00		1.00		1.00
I should stay in bed longer in the morning
“Totally disagree” or “agree a bit”	0.74	0.47–1.17	0.81	0.45–1.46	0.91	0.45–1.86
“Generally”, “very much”, or “totally agree”	1.00		1.00		1.00
Having a lot of worries in my mind
“Not at all” or “a bit”	0.49**	0.33–0.73	0.21**	0.12–0.36	2.34*	1.22–4.51
“Moderately”, “a lot”, or “extremely”	1.00		1.00		1.00
Having a lot of thoughts in my head
“Not at all” or “a bit”	0.52**	0.34–0.80	1.08	0.62–1.89	0.48*	0.24–0.96
“Moderately”, “a lot”, or “extremely”	1.00		1.00		1.00
Being worried about the idea of sleeping
“Not at all” or “a bit”	0.83	0.51–1.35	0.43**	0.25–0.74	1.94	0.96–3.92
“Moderately”, “a lot”, or “extremely”	1.00		1.00		1.00
Age
Under 75 years	1.61*	1.10–2.36	1.13	0.71–1.79	1.43	0.80–2.55
75 years and over	1.00		1.00		1.00
Sex
Male	0.54**	0.36–0.82	0.65	0.39–1.07	0.83	0.45–1.57
Female	1.00		1.00		1.00
Civil status
Married or living together	0.79	0.53–1.14	1.20	0.74–1.93	0.65	0.36–1.18
Single, separated, divorced, or widowed	1.00		1.00		1.00
Schooling
None to secondary	1.26	0.85–1.88	0.63	0.39–1.01	2.01*	1.11–3.64
Postsecondary	1.00		1.00		1.00
Annual household income
Under $25,000	0.73	0.49–1.08	0.96	0.58–1.57	0.76	0.41–1.40
$25,000 and over	1.00		1.00		1.00
Sleep efficiency
80% or more	0.97	0.64–1.45	1.05	0.62–1.77	0.92	0.49–1.73
Less than 80%	1.00		1.00		1.00

Notes:

a Reference group. R²=0.066 (Cox and Snell), 0.125 (Nagelkerke). Model χ²(28)=166.27, P<0.001.

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratios.