Physical exercise and functional fitness in independently living vs institutionalized elderly women: a comparison of 60- to 79-year-old city dwellers

Figures & data

Table 1 Age and body mass index mean values of all groups at baseline

	N	Age (years)	Body mass index (kg/m^2)
IL60–64	149	61.9±1.4	26.9±3.7
DC60–64	35	63.0±1.2	27.8±4.6
IL65–69	138	66.9±1.5	27.6±3.9
DC65–69	34	67.8±1.3	28.4±3.2
IL70–74	135	71.8±1.5	26.6±3.8
DC70–74	47	72.6±1.3	28.2±2.8
IL75–79	83	76.7±1.4	26.8±4.1
DC75–79	53	77.6±1.2	28.1±3.8

Note: Values represent mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviations: IL60–64, independent-living 60- to 64-year-olds; DC60–64, day care 60- to 64-year-olds; IL65–69, independent-living 65- to 69-year-olds; DC65–69, day care 65- to 69-year-olds; IL70–74, independent-living 70- to 74-year-olds; DC70–74, day care 70- to 74-year-olds; IL75–79, independent-living 75- to 79-year-olds; DC75–79, day care 75- to 79-year-olds.

Table 2 Absolute functional fitness tests performance measurements for all independent-living and day care groups

Absolute changes pre- to posttests
	30-second chair stand (repetitions)		Arm curl (repetitions)		Chair sit-and-reach (cm)		Back scratch (cm)		8-ft up-and-go (seconds)		6-minute walk (m)
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
IL60–64	13.6±3.4	17.9±3.3*	17.5±3.3	22.3±3.0*	2.9±6.9	3.8±6.6*	−3.4±8.6	−1.5±7.9*	6.3±1.2	5.7±0.9*	467.9±93.5	508.1±94.1*
DC60–64	10.4±2.3	9.7±2.2*	13.0±2.6	11.8±1.8*	−1.1±4.3	−1.9±4.4*	−8.2±5.8	−9.2±5.7*	7.2±1.5	7.8±1.4*	451.0±55.7	434.5±57.8*
IL65–69	13.7±2.9	16.6±3.8*	16.5±3.6	20.6±4.0*	2.7±9.6	3.4±8.6*	−5.3±8.6	−2.6±6.9*	6.6±1.3	6.0±1.4*	481.3±99.7	513.9±99.4*
DC65–69	9.8±1.6	8.8±1.7*	12.4±2.1	10.9±1.9*	−2.0±4.3	−2.8±4.1*	−8.9±4.7	−10.0±5.1*	8.0±1.2	8.4±1.2*	426.1±59.1	414.70±52.2*
IL70–74	12.9±3.6	15.1±3.4*	15.8±4.3	17.8±3.7*	−1.4±2.2	−0.9±3.4	−5.4±8.9	−4.2±8.4*	6.8±1.2	6.4±1.0*	471.1±92.5	491.0±91.1*
DC70–74	9.6±1.7	8.6±1.8*	12.6±2.3	11.8±2.1*	−2.0±4.8	−2.1±4.3	−9.2±4.3	−10.4±4.5*	8.3±1.6	8.7±1.4*	400.7±58.6	383.6±54.3*
IL75–79	11.9±2.6	13.9±2.4*	14.6±3.3	16.4±3.2*	−2.1±4.7	−1.4±3.2*	−8.0±9.6	−7.1±8.6*	7.5±1.4	7.0±1.3*	438.6±117.7	472.4±123.5*
DC75–79	9.4±1.8	8.3±1.6*	11.5±2.0	10.4±1.9*	−3.0±3.6	−3.0±3.0	−9.6±3.8	−10.4±3.9*	8.9±1.9	9.4±1.8*	343.9±42.6	332.6±42.2*

Notes: Values represent mean ± standard deviation.

* Significantly different from baseline, P<0.001.

Abbreviations: IL60–64, independent-living 60- to 64-year-olds; DC60–64, day care 60- to 64-year-olds; IL65–69, independent-living 65- to 69-year-olds; DC65–69, day care 65- to 69-year-olds; IL70–74, independent-living 70- to 74-year-olds; DC70–74, day care 70- to 74-year-olds; IL75–79, independent-living 75- to 79-year-olds; DC75–79, day care 75- to 79-year-olds.

Table 3 Effect size (η_p²) values for the analyses between pre- and posttests and between independent-living and day care groups

	30-second chair stand		Arm curl		Chair sit-and-reach		Back scratch		8-ft up-and-go		6-minute walk
	BT	BG	BT	BG	BT	BG	BT	BG	BT	BG	BT	BG
IL60–64	0.746	0.494	0.792	0.634	0.746	0.068	0.068	0.316	0.060	0.099	0.060	0.045
DC60–64	0.420		0.391		0.475		0.263		0.340		0.312
IL65–69	0.306	0.378	0.383	0.503	0.306	0.135	0.101	0.250	0.383	0.378	0.383	0.126
DC65–69	0.475		0.528		0.475		0.157		0.312		0.375
IL70–74	0.548	0.475	0.427	0.634	NS	NS	0.288	0.373	0.130	0.048	0.130	0.077
DC70–74	0.475		0.375		NS		0.364		0.271		0.172
IL75–79	0.406	0.560	0.530	0.450	0.072	0.115	0.352	0.388	0.530	0.097	0.530	0.450

Abbreviations: IL60–64, independent-living 60- to 64-year-olds; DC60–64, day care 60- to 64-year-olds; IL65–69, independent-living 65- to 69-year-olds; DC65–69, day care 65- to 69-year-olds; IL70–74, independent-living 70- to 74-year-olds; DC70–74, day care 70- to 74-year-olds; IL75–79, independent-living 75- to 79-year-olds; DC75–79, day care 75- to 79-year-olds; BT, between pre- and posttests; BG, between independent-living and day care groups; NS, not significant.

RikliREJonesCJDevelopment and validation of criterion-referenced clinically relevant fitness standards for maintaining physical independence in later yearsGerontologist201353225526722613940

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