Sex differences of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on flow-mediated dilation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Figures & data

Table 1 Association between baseline CRP and FMD with age, BMI, and sleep parameters

	CRP						FMD
	All		Male		Female		All		Male		Female
	r	P-value	r	P-value	r	P-value	r	P-value	r	P-value	r	P-value
AHI	0.00	0.97	−0.36	0.18	0.63	0.08	−0.55	0.00	−0.64	0.01	−0.31	0.44
DSI	−0.01	0.93	−0.37	0.16	0.49	0.21	−0.19	0.36	−0.45	0.09	0.34	0.40
<90% SaO2	0.02	0.91	−0.21	0.45	0.05	0.89	−0.38	0.07	−0.49	0.07	−0.25	0.54
Age	−0.17	0.42	−0.21	0.43	−0.23	0.45	−0.18	0.68	−0.17	0.68	−0.17	0.68
BMI	−0.02	0.91	−0.12	0.66	0.16	0.69	−0.10	0.61	−0.20	0.46	0.14	0.73
CRP	1	–	1	–	1	–	0.19	0.35	0.37	0.15	0.02	0.95

Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; BMI, body mass index; AHI, apnea–hypopnea index; DSI, desaturation index.

Table 2 Endothelium-dependent parameters before and after CPAP

	Before CPAP			After CPAP
	All	Male	Female	All	Male	Female
RCCA (mm)	0.98±0.20	0.99±0.25	0.97±0.17	0.93±0.23	0.97±0.31	0.90±0.11
LCCA (mm)	0.91±0.24	0.95±0.31	0.87±0.17	0.89±0.24	0.88±0.30	0.90±0.19
FMD%	3.13±3.15*	3.49±3.07*	2.39±3.38	5.40±2.91	5.76±3.00	4.68±2.75

Note:

* P<0.05.

Abbreviations: CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; RCCA, right common carotid artery; LCCA, left common carotid artery; FMD, flow-mediated dilation.

Table 3 Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring recordings before and after CPAP

	Before CPAP			After CPAP
	All	Male	Female	All	Male	Female
Systolic BP 24 (mmHg)	130.24±16.75ǂ	131.14±12.83ǂ	128.72±23.25	122.82±11.88	124.24±5.68	120.47±18.83
SD systolic BP 24 (mmHg)	13.97±2.16	13.58±1.42	14.62±3.08	13.89±2.58	13.94±2.61	13.81±2.79
Diastolic BP 24 (mmHg)	79.68±11.09ǂ	82.06±11.18ǂ	75.70±10.68	75.44±9.14	77.72±9.10	71.64±8.58
SD diastolic BP 24 (mmHg)	11.50±1.41	11.29±1.56	11.68±1.16	11.16±1.46	11.30±1.56	10.93±1.39
Heart rate 24/min	77.54±10.93	78.47±13.28	75.99±6.03	74.20±8.36	75.38±9.82	72.23±65.36
SD heart rate 24/min	11.80±3.76	11.91±3.62	11.61±4.32	10.62±2.50	10.26±2.00	11.21±3.30
PP 24 (mmHg)	52.72±11.38ǂ	49.08±9.97	58.79±11.80	47.38±9.77	46.51±8.25	48.83±12.64
Systolic BP day (mmHg)	132.55±17.00ǂ	133.77±11.53	130.51±24.89	125.76±12.69	128.67±5.28	120.86±19.69
SD systolic BP day (mmHg)	13.16±2.17	12.35±1.13	14.50±2.91	12.74±2.25	12.08±1.34	13.85±3.10
Diastolic BP day (mmHg)	82.25±11.01ǂ	84.82±10.14	77.98±11.98	77.88±10.39	81.17±10.12	72.40±9.05
SD diastolic BP day (mmHg)	10.91±1.81	10.16±1.47	12.16±1.73	10.41±1.73	9.85±1.37	11.34±2.00
Heart rate day/min	80.89±10.92	82.37±13.38	78.43±4.84	77.71±9.16	79.25±10.77	75.15±5.53
SD heart rate day/min	11.40±5.01	10.90±4.53	12.24±6.08	10.66±3.67	9.80±1.60	12.10±5.64
PP day (mmHg)	52.59±11.13	48.95±9.52	58.64±11.76	47.85±9.62	47.50±7.77	48.45±12.98
Systolic BP night (mmHg)	126.22±17.42ǂ	126.67±16.21ǂ	125.47±20.88	118.17±13.16	117.02±9.47	120.07±18.74
SD systolic BP night (mmHg)	13.17±2.31	13.16±2.18	13.18±2.72	11.89±3.18	12.02±3.45	11.64±2.96
Diastolic BP night (mmHg)	75.23±12.26	77.29±14.07	71.79±8.50	71.55±8.32	72.15±8.81	70.56±8.14
SD diastolic BP night (mmHg)	9.71±2.27	10.35±2.17	8.63±2.19	9.98±2.03	10.22±1.27	9.59±3.03
Heart rate night/min	71.64±12.00	71.45±14.26	71.95±8.13	68.50±7.68	68.95±8.97	67.76±5.58
SD heart rate night/min	7.34±3.77	8.44±3.44ǂ	5.51±3.87	6.29±2.61	6.48±2.69	5.98±2.69
PP night (mmHg)	52.66±11.86ǂ	49.38±11.13ǂ	58.13±11.90	46.61±10.76	44.87±9.37	49.51±13.16

Note:

ǂ P<0.05.

Abbreviations: CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; BP, blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; min, minute; PP, pulse pressure.

Table 4 Blood test analysis before and after CPAP

	Before CPAP			After CPAP
	All	Male	Female	All	Male	Female
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	14.47±1.73	15.08±1.65	13.26±1.23	14.67±1.50	15.38±1.28	13.26±0.70
White blood cells/mm^3	8.345±1.770	7.987±1.894	9.062±1.314	7.737±1.875	7.675±2.223	7.862±965
Cholesterol (mg/dL)
Total	205.63±37.29	207.38±43.22	214.00±30.24	205.63±37.29	206.25±41.54	204.38±29.50
LDL	137.33±29.48	139.88±33.51	132.25±20.13	135.46±32.47	139.25±33.80	127.88±30.27
HDL	52.79±14.28	48.19±9.25	62.00±18.47	53.25±14.29	49.00±9.79	61.75±18.49
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	160.88±100.41	171.25±120.07*	140.13±38.70	141.75±65.56	137.94±73.04	149.38±50.91
HbA1c (%)	5.95±1.08*	5.71±0.68*	6.41±1.57	5.45±0.70	5.31±0.65	5.73±0.76
CRP (mg/L)	0.60 [0.40–0.84]*	0.48 [0.40–0.70]*	0.87±0.30	0.40 [0.40–0.70]	0.40 [0.40–0.47]	0.67±0.12
ESR (mm/hour)	19.00 [11.00–27.00]	17.31±13.89	24.50±9.16	14.00 [7.50–22.75]	16.88±20.53	28.63±20.20
Glucose (mg/dL)	108.71±19.06	103.69±13.54	118.75±25.07	104.50±12.71	102.38±12.90	108.75±11.94

Note:

* P<0.05.

Abbreviations: CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin.

Table 5 Correlation of percent change in FMD and CRP after CPAP with age, BMI, and sleep parameters

	% of CRP						% of FMD						% of HbA1c
	All		Male		Female		All		Male		Female		All		Male		Female
	r	P	r	P	r	P	r	P	r	P	r	P	r	P	r	P	r	P
AHI	0.08	0.71	−0.15	0.57	0.68	0.06	0.31	0.19	0.53	0.04	−0.35	0.55	0.38	0.07	0.45	0.09	0.26	0.53
DSI	−0.00	0.97	−0.18	0.51	0.31	0.45	0.07	0.76	0.27	0.33	−0.04	0.94	0.15	0.46	0.31	0.26	−0.10	0.80
<90% SaO2	−0.07	0.74	0.02	0.92	−0.21	0.61	0.53	0.02	0.38	0.20	0.64	0.24	0.39	0.06	0.33	0.23	0.46	0.24
Age	−0.38	0.06	−0.33	0.20	−0.35	0.23	0.09	0.70	−0.20	0.46	0.23	0.70	0.18	0.39	0.27	0.29	−0.23	0.57
BMI	−0.07	0.74	−0.01	0.96	−0.18	0.65	−0.11	0.64	0.29	0.31	−0.60	0.28	−0.04	0.82	−0.04	0.88	−0.09	0.82

Abbreviations: FMD, flow-mediated dilation; CRP, C-reactive protein; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; BMI, body mass index; AHI, apnea–hypopnea index; DSI, desaturation index; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin.