The relationship between frailty, anxiety and depression, and health-related quality of life in elderly patients with heart failure

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients by frailty status

Variable	Patients		P-value
	Nonfrail, n=11	Frail, n=89
Age (years), mean (SD)	62.3 (6.2)	67.9 (10.7)	0.090a
Sex			0.142b
Male (n=53)	8 (72.7%)	45 (50.6%)
Female (n=47)	3 (27.3%)	44 (49.4%)
Years of education, mean (SD)	11.2 (1.3)	11.5 (2.3)	0.674a
Civil status			0.166b
Married (n=36)	2 (18.2%)	34 (38.2%)
Unmarried (n=64)	9 (81.8%)	55 (61.8%)
Number of hospitalizations during 1 year, mean (SD)	1.4 (0.5)	1.8 (1.1)	0.150a
Time from HF diagnosis (years), mean (SD)	7.7 (4.2)	9.8 (6.0)	0.352d
Income (PLZ)			0.826c
<3,000 zł (n=97)	11 (100.0%)	86 (96.6%)
3,000–5,000 zł (n=2)	0 (0.0%)	2 (2.3%)
>5,000 zł (n=1)	0 (0.0%)	1 (1.1%)
NYHA class			0.233c
I (n=10)	3 (27.3%)	7 (7.9%)
II (n=53)	5 (45.4%)	48 (53.9%)
III (n=35)	3 (27.3%)	32 (36.0%)
IV (n=2)	0 (0.0%)	2 (2.2%)
Medication
Diuretics (n=84)	9 (81.8%)	75 (84.3%)	0.557b
Beta-blockers (n=87)	11 (100%)	76 (85.4%)	0.198b
ACE/ARB (n=64)	6 (54.6%)	58 (65.2%)	0.352b
Digoxin (n=13)	1 (9.1%)	12 (13.5%)	0.565b
HADS
Anxiety, mean (SD)	3.9 (3.3)	9.5 (4.5)
Depression, mean (SD)	3.4 (2.8)	8.8 (4.9)	0.001d
SF-36
PCS, mean (SD)	52.4 (19.5)	32.8 (17.0)	0.001a
MCS, mean (SD)	67.0 (17.9)	42.9 (16.6)	<0.001a
TFI score, mean (SD)	3.2 (0.9)	8.4 (2.4)	<0.001a

Notes:

a t-test;

b Fisher’s exact test;

c Pearson’s chi-square;

d Mann–Whitney U test. Data in bold indicates statistical significance.

Abbreviations: HF, heart failure; PLZ, Polish zloty; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SF-36, Short Form 36; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MCS, mental component scale; PCS, physical component scale; TFI, Tilburg Frailty Indicator; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.

Table 2 Correlations between frailty, anxiety and depression, and health-related quality of life (n=100)

Variable	SF-36 PCS	SF-36 MCS	HADS-anxiety	HADS-depression
TFI score	−0.66***	−0.68***	0.60***	0.66***
SF-36 total	0.92***	0.94***	−0.60***	−0.73***
SF-36 PCS		0.75***	−0.51***	−0.61***
SF-36 MCS			−0.59***	−0.74***
HADS-anxiety				0.73***
HADS-depression

Notes:

*** P<0.001.

Abbreviations: TFI, Tilburg Frailty Indicator; PCS, physical component scale; MCS, mental component scale; SF-36, Short Form 36; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Table 3 Regression summary for dependent variable: SF-36 PCS

	Beta	SE of Beta	B SE of B	t(97) P-value
Intercept			64.8 4.2	15.484 <0.001
TFI score	−0.392	0.101	−2.57 0.662	−3.886 <0.001
HADS-depression	−0.328	0.101	−1.19 0.366	−3.250 0.002

Notes: R=0.655, R²=0.429, adjusted R²=0.417, F(2.97)=6.4, P<0.00001.

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; TFI, Tilburg Frailty Indicator; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; SF, Short Form 36; PCS, physical component scale.

Table 4 Regression summary for dependent variable: SF-36 MCS

	Beta	SE of Beta	B SE of B	t(97) P-value
Intercept			78.1 3.6	21.811 <0.001
TFI score	−0.348	0.086	−2.29 0.566	−4.044 <0.001
HADS-depression	−0.492	0.086	−1.79 0.313	−5.729 <0.001

Notes: R=0.765, R²=0.586, adjusted R²=0.577, F(2.97)=68.5, P<0.00001.

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; TFI, Tilburg Frailty Indicator; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; SF, Short Form 36; MCS, mental component scale.

Table 5 Regression summary for dependent variable: TFI score

	Beta	SE of Beta	B	SE of B	t(96)	P-value
Intercept			3.20	1.70	1.899	0.061
Age	0.280	0.070	0.08	0.02	4.188	<0.001
PCS score	−0.385	0.083	−0.06	0.01	−4.639	<0.001
HADS-anxiety	0.384	0.080	0.23	0.05	4.775	<0.001

Notes: R=0.776, R²=0.602, adjusted R²=0.590, F(3.96)=48.4, P<0.00001.

Abbreviations: TFI, Tilburg Frailty Indicator; SE, standard error; PCS, physical component scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.