Elderly women who received Helicobacter pylori-eradicating therapy have reduced risk of low skeletal muscle mass

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of the study design.

Table 1 Clinicodemographic characteristics of the study population

	Did not receive Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment (n=689)	Received Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment (n=372)	P-value
Age (years)	66.6±5.2	66.1±4.6	0.094
Low muscle mass (n, %)	149 (21.6%)	51 (13.7%)	0.002
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	23.9±3.1	23.4±2.8	0.016
Body muscle percentage (%)	34.9±3.2	35.5±3.0	0.006
Body fat percentage (%)	34.4±6.1	33.6±5.5	0.025
Obesity (n, %)	221 (32.1%)	89 (23.9%)	0.005
Sarcopenic obesity (n, %)	107 (15.5%)	39 (10.5%)	0.023
Waist circumference (cm)	87.1±8.6	85.8±8.3	0.026
Diabetes (n, %)	103 (14.9%)	63 (16.9%)	0.395
Hypertension (n, %)	267 (38.8%)	144 (38.7%)	0.989
Metabolic syndrome (n, %)	324 (47.0%)	176 (47.3%)	0.929
Number of metabolic syndrome components	2.4±1.2	2.4±1.3	0.289
Exercise (n, %)	467 (67.8%)	295 (79.3%)	<0.001
Alcohol (n, %)	109 (15.8%)	55 (14.8%)	0.656
Smoking (n, %)	22 (3.2%)	12 (3.2%)	0.977
H. pylori seropositivity (n, %)	689 (100%)	144 (38.7%)	<0.001
Pepsinogen I (ng/mL)	62.0±30.1	53.2±27.8	0.168
Pepsinogen II (ng/mL)	20.3±11.3	11.1±8.7	<0.001
Pepsinogen I/II ratio	3.5±1.8	5.8±2.2	<0.001
White blood cell count (×10^6/L)	5,330±1,430	5,170±1,480	0.094
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	13.3±1.0	13.4±1.0	0.328
Platelet count (×10^9/L)	238.6±54.0	232.3±51.2	0.062
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	201.6±37.9	196.7±34.8	0.037
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	107.8±71.5	109.2±76.3	0.777
High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	53.0±12.1	54.5±12.3	0.064
Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	121.6±34.4	116.1±31.6	0.011
Serum total protein (g/dL)	7.2±0.4	7.1±0.4	0.067
Albumin (g/dL)	4.3±0.3	4.3±0.2	0.041
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	99.9±17.6	101.1±18.0	0.292
Hemoglobin A1c (%)	5.8±0.6	5.8±0.7	0.112
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	14.2±4.2	14.6±3.8	0.163
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.7±0.2	0.7±0.1	0.267

Note: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or in proportions.

Table 2 Univariable analysis of low muscle mass risk factors

	OR	95% CI	P-value
Age	1.071	1.041–1.103	<0.001
Diabetes	1.518	1.026–2.247	0.037
Hypertension	2.582	1.887–3.534	<0.001
Metabolic syndrome	2.531	1.836–3.490	<0.001
Number of metabolic syndrome components	1.548	1.358–1.764	<0.001
Exercise	0.570	0.413–0.788	0.001
Alcohol	0.702	0.442–1.116	0.135
H. pylori eradication treatment	0.576	0.407–0.814	0.002
White blood cell count	1.279	1.156–1.414	<0.001
Total cholesterol	1.003	0.999–1.007	0.209
Triglyceride	1.002	1.001–1.004	0.013
High-density lipoprotein	0.981	0.968–0.994	0.005
Low-density lipoprotein	1.004	0.999–1.008	0.104
Serum total protein	1.864	1.272–2.731	0.001
Albumin	0.821	0.449–1.500	0.521
Fasting glucose	1.010	1.002–1.018	0.012
HbA1c	1.410	1.123–1.770	0.003
Blood urea nitrogen	0.948	0.910–0.988	0.011
Creatinine	0.489	0.138–1.737	0.269

Abbreviations: H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

Table 3 Multivariable analysis of low muscle mass risk factors

	OR	95% CI	P-value
Age	1.064	1.031–1.097	<0.001
Metabolic syndrome	2.011	1.432–2.824	<0.001
Exercise	0.710	0.504–1.002	0.051
H. pylori eradication treatment	0.632	0.440–0.824	0.013
White blood cell count	1.179	1.057–1.315	0.003
Serum total protein	1.593	1.063–2.388	0.024
Blood urea nitrogen	0.931	0.893–0.970	0.001

Abbreviations: H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.