Cell-based therapies of liver diseases: age-related challenges

Figures & data

Table 1 Hepatogenic differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells

Stage	Key inductors	Duration (days)	Markers
1. Definitive endoderm	Activin A (high dose), Wnt3a, HGF	0–5	FoxA2, GATA4, Sox17
2. Hepatic specification/expansion	HGF, FGF-2/-4, BMP-2/-4	6–10	HNF-4alpha, alpha-fetoprotein
3. Hepatocyte maturation	Oncostatin M	11–21	Albumin, cytokeratines-8, -18, -19, cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, P-gp3, MRP1

Abbreviations: HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; BMP, bone morphogenic protein; HNF-4alpha, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha; P-gp3, P-glycoprotein 3; MRP1, multidrug-resistance protein 1.

Figure 1 Methods of in vitro production of human hepatocytes and biomedical applications utilizing cultured human hepatocytes.

Abbreviations: iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell.