Urban–Rural disparities in status of hypertension in northeast China: a population-based study, 2017–2019

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of population selection.

Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants

Characteristics	Region		Sex		Total	P-value for region	P-value for sex
	Urban	Rural	Men	Women
Participants, n (%)	5424 (28.9)	13372 (71.1)	7336 (39.0)	11460 (61.0)	18796 (100.0)
Mean age, year	60.9±9.5	60.2±10.1	61.3±10.2	59.7±9.7	60.4±9.9	<0.001	<0.001
40–49	12.2	16.7	14.3	16.1	15.4	<0.001	<0.001
50–59	31.7	30.3	27.5	32.7	30.7
60–69	39.0	34.8	37.4	35.1	36.0
70–79	14.5	15.3	17.2	13.7	15.1
≥80	2.6	3.0	3.6	2.4	2.9
Education, n (%)
Primary school or lower	25.1	59.3	42.3	54.0	49.4	<0.001	<0.001
Middle school	53.0	32.4	42.6	35.6	38.3
High school or above	21.9	8.3	15.1	10.4	12.2
Income, n (%)
<5000	8.0	44.1	31.1	35.4	33.7	<0.001	<0.001
5000–9999	6.4	22.1	18.0	17.3	17.6
10000–19999	16.5	17.6	16.2	18.0	17.3
≥20000	69.0	16.1	34.6	29.3	31.4
Mean BMI, kg/m^Citation2	24.9±3.4	24.6±3.7	24.4±3.6	24.9±3.7	24.7±3.7	<0.001	<0.001
<18.5	1.6	3.5	3.3	2.7	2.9	<0.001	<0.001
18.5–23.9	39.9	42.1	44.6	39.4	41.5
24.0–27.9	41.9	37.2	37.7	39.2	38.6
≥28.0	16.6	17.2	14.4	18.7	17
Mean SBP, mmHg	137.6±19.9	145.1±23.3	143.7±21.5	142.4±23.3	142.9±22.6	<0.001	<0.001
Mean DBP, mmHg	83.4±10.6	86.2±11.9	87.1±11.5	84.3±11.5	85.4±11.6	<0.001	<0.001
Current smoking, %	19.0	27.0	52.9	6.6	24.7	<0.001	<0.001
Current drinking, %	20.4	28.9	53.4	9.1	26.4	<0.001	<0.001
Lack of exercise, %	8.9	15.1	12.0	14.1	13.3	<0.001	<0.001
Family history of hypertension, %	30.1	33.8	27.7	36.0	32.8	<0.001	<0.001
Diabetes	20.2	15.8	16.5	17.4	17.1	<0.001	0.113
High TC	14.6	14.1	10.2	16.8	14.2	0.298	<0.001
High TG	19.9	16.8	16.2	18.6	17.7	<0.001	<0.001
Low HDL	28.4	4.5	13.0	10.4	11.4	<0.001	<0.001
High LDL	9.3	4.2	3.7	6.9	5.7	<0.001	<0.001

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

Figure 2 Prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension per 100 (with 95% CI) among urban and rural adults in northeast China by region and sex. (A) Prevalence of hypertension by region, (B) prevalence of prehypertension by region, (C) prevalence of hypertension by sex, (D) prevalence of prehypertension by sex.

Table 2 Blood pressure level and prevalence of prehypertension, and hypertension by characteristics

Characteristics	N	Blood pressure (mmHg)		Hypertension classification (%)					Hypertension prevalence (%)
		SBP	DBP	Normal	Prehypertension	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3
Overall	18,796	142.9±22.6	85.4±11.6	14.9	31.5	29.4	16.2	8.0	56.8
Age group
40–49	2895	131.3±19.1	84.5±11.9	24.8	39.5	23.0	8.9	3.7	36.9
50–59	5764	139.0±20.7	86.0±11.6	16.8	36.5	27.7	13.3	5.8	50.0
60–69	6763	146.1±22.2	85.7±11.4	12.0	29.4	31.7	18.2	8.8	62.5
70–79	2830	152.9±23.4	84.5±11.5	8.9	20.9	33.0	23.6	13.5	73.9
≥80	544	154.0±24.3	84.2±12.3	8.1	19.7	34.4	22.8	15.1	75.4
P-value		<0.001	<0.001		<0.001				<0.001
Sex
Male	7336	143.7±21.5	87.1±11.5	11.0	32.6	31.3	17.2	7.9	58.8
Female	11,460	142.4±23.3	84.311.5	17.3	30.9	28.2	15.5	8.0	55.6
P-value		<0.001	<0.001		0.011				<0.001
Education, n (%)
Primary school or lower	9289	146.9±23.6	85.8±12.0	12.5	27.2	30.6	19.1	10.7	63.2
Middle school	7205	139.6±21.0	85.0±11.2	16.5	35.9	28.3	13.5	5.8	50.9
High school or above	2302	137.0±20.2	84.9±11.0	19.3	35.4	28.4	12.9	4.0	49.5
P-value		<0.001	<0.001		<0.001				<0.001
Income, n (%)
<5000	6336	148.7±24.1	85.9±12.2	11.2	26.5	30.0	20.3	12.0	64.9
5000–9999	3303	143.2±22.4	85.8±11.5	14.4	30.5	30.0	17.2	7.9	57.6
10000–19999	3257	140.3±21.4	85.3±11.5	16.1	34.2	28.6	14.6	6.5	52.7
≥20000	5900	137.9±20.3	84.6±11.0	18.3	36.1	28.9	12.1	4.6	50.0
P-value		<0.001	<0.001		<0.001				<0.001
Mean BMI, kg/m^Citation2
<18.5	549	138.2±23.6	81.4±11.5	21.9	33.7	25.3	13.5	5.6	46.6
18.5–23.9	7790	138.9±22.2	82.9±11.1	19.0	35.5	26.6	13.2	5.7	47.9
24.0–27.9	7253	144.2±22.0	86.2±11.1	12.8	31.0	30.8	17.0	8.4	60.1
≥28.0	3200	150.4±22.6	90.3±11.9	8.2	22.9	33.9	22.2	12.8	72.9
P-value		<0.001	<0.001		<0.001				<0.001
Current smoking, %
Yes	4636	141.7±22.1	86.0±11.8	14.7	34.0	28.5	15.1	7.7	53.9
No	14,140	143.3±22.8	85.2±11.5	14.9	30.7	29.7	16.6	8.1	57.7
P-value		<0.001	<0.001		<0.001				<0.001
Current drinking, %
Yes	4964	142.9±21.7	87.2±11.6	12.3	33.0	30.1	16.8	7.9	56.9
No	13,832	142.9±22.9	84.7±11.5	15.8	31.0	29.2	16.0	8.0	56.8
P-value		0.934	<0.001		0.012				0.842
Lack of exercise, %
Yes	2500	148.7±24.7	86.6±12.4	12.5	24.5	29.9	20.4	12.7	66.8
No	16,296	142.0±22.1	85.2±11.4	15.2	32.6	29.3	15.5	7.3	55.3
P-value		<0.001	<0.001		<0.001				<0.001
Family history of hypertension, %
Yes	6159	146.9±23.4	88.0±11.6	13.5	25.1	30.2	20.1	11.1	66.5
No	12,637	140.9±22.0	84.1±11.1	15.6	34.7	29.0	14.3	6.4	52.1
P-value		<0.001	<0.001		<0.001				<0.001
Region
Urban	5424	137.6±19.9	83.4±10.6	20.0	34.9	29.8	11.1	4.2	50.9
Rural	13,372	145.1±23.3	86.2±11.9	12.8	30.2	29.2	18.3	9.5	59.2
P-value		<0.001	<0.001		<0.001				<0.001
Diabetes, %
Yes	3200	150.4±22.9	86.9±11.9	10.6	23.0	32.7	21.8	11.9	71.7
No	15,560	141.3±22.3	85.1±11.5	15.8	33.3	28.7	15	7.2	53.7
P-value		<0.001	<0.001		<0.001				<0.001
High TC, %
Yes	2670	148.4±23.3	87.1±11.6	10.2	26.9	31.3	19.7	11.9	66.2
No	16,089	142.0±22.4	85.1±11.6	15.7	32.3	29.1	15.6	7.3	55.2
P-value		<0.001	<0.001		<0.001				<0.001
High TG, %
Yes	3316	147.3±22.5	88.2±11.4	11.0	26.0	32.4	19.9	10.8	67.6
No	15,443	141.9±22.5	84.8±11.5	15.7	32.8	28.8	15.4	7.4	54.5
P-value		<0.001	<0.001		<0.001				<0.001
Low HDL, %
Yes	2141	142.5±20.5	84.7±11.4	14.5	32.7	31.1	15.4	6.4	57.4
No	16,618	142.9±22.9	85.5±11.6	14.9	31.4	29.2	16.3	8.2	56.7
P-value		0.380	0.003		0.229				0.512
High LDL, %
Yes	1064	148.4±24.2	86.3±11.5	10.6	27.2	30.2	19.4	12.7	65.3
No	17,695	142.5±22.5	85.3±11.6	15.1	31.8	29.4	16.0	7.7	56.3
P-value		<0.001	0.011		0.001				0.001

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

Figure 3 Levels of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in adults in urban and rural northeast China by region and sex. (A) By region, (B) by sex.

Figure 4 Awareness, treatment, and control rates among adults ≥40 years of northeast China by region. (A) Awareness rate by region, (B) treatment rate by region, (C) awareness rate by sex, (D) treatment rate by sex, (E) control rate by region, (F) control rate among treated hypertensive patients by region, (G) control rate by sex, (H) control rate among treated hypertensive patients by sex. #p<0.05, *p<0.001.

Table 3 Awareness, treatment, and control rates of hypertension by characteristics

Characteristics	Awareness	Treatment	Control	Control among treated patients
Overall	48.5	38.0	5.7	14.9
Age group
40–49	37.4	24.7	3.3	13.3
50–59	46.3	36.0	6.5	18.0
60–69	50.4	41.2	6.2	15.0
70–79	53.1	42.2	5.1	12.0
≥80	48.0	31.7	4.1	13.1
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.005
Sex
Male	41.6	29.9	4.1	15.6
Female	53.1	43.5	6.8	13.6
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.102
Education, n (%)
Primary school or lower	49.0	37.7	4.5	12.0
Middle school	47.4	37.9	6.6	17.4
High school or above	49.3	39.7	8.5	21.5
P-value	0.293	0.455	<0.001	<0.001
Income, n (%)
<5000	49.2	38.4	4.1	10.6
5000–9999	48.4	35.2	4.4	12.5
10000–19999	46.6	35.8	5.7	16.0
≥20000	48.5	40.4	8.7	21.5
P-value	0.357	0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Mean BMI, kg/m^Citation2
<18.5	37.5	23.8	4.7	19.7
18.5–23.9	42.1	30.8	4.9	16.0
24.0–27.9	49.6	39.9	6.4	16.1
≥28.0	57.6	47.5	5.6	11.7
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	0.034	0.005
Current smoking, %
Yes	41.4	29.3	4.9	16.6
No	50.6	40.6	5.9	14.6
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	0.049	0.158
Current drinking, %
Yes	38.5	26.5	3.9	14.7
No	52.1	42.1	6.3	15.0
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.842
Lack of exercise, %
Yes	57.7	45.8	5.7	12.4
No	46.8	36.5	5.7	15.5
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	0.974	0.031
Family history of hypertension, %
Yes	62.6	51.7	7.6	14.8
No	39.7	29.5	4.5	15.1
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.781
Region
Urban	52.5	46.9	11.4	24.4
Rural	47.0	34.9	3.7	10.5
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Diabetes
Yes	59.5	51.2	7.4	14.5
No	45.4	34.4	5.2	15.2
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.571
High TC
Yes	47.5	39.5	5.0	12.6
No	48.6	37.7	5.8	15.5
P-value	0.37	0.146	0.159	0.053
High TG
Yes	53.9	44.2	6.7	15.1
No	47	36.3	5.4	14.9
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	0.02	0.875
Low HDL
Yes	52.8	46.1	8.0	17.5
No	47.9	36.9	5.4	14.6
P-value	0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.074
High LDL
Yes	48.3	43.6	4.7	10.9
No	48.5	37.6	5.8	15.3
P-value	0.952	0.002	0.268	0.038

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

Table 6 Prevalence and control rate according to 2010 Chinese high blood pressure guidelines and 2017 ACC/AHA high blood pressure guidelines

Characteristics	Prevalence		Control		Control among treated patients
	2010 Chinese	2017ACC/AHA	2010 Chinese	2017ACC/AHA	2010 Chinese	2017ACC/AHA
Overall	56.8	80.6	5.7	0.9	14.9	3.3
Age group
40–49	36.9	68.0	3.3	0.4	13.3	2.7
50–59	50.0	77.7	6.5	0.8	18.0	3.3
60–69	62.5	84.3	6.2	1.1	15.0	3.4
70–79	73.9	88.8	5.1	1.1	12.0	3.1
≥80	75.4	90.1	4.1	1.4	13.1	5.4
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.021	0.005	0.668
Sex
Male	58.8	78.4	4.1	0.5	13.6	2.6
Female	55.6	84.0	6.8	1.1	15.6	3.7
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.102	0.064
Education, n (%)
Primary school or lower	63.2	83.4	4.5	0.8	12.0	2.8
Middle school	50.9	78.1	6.6	1.0	17.4	4.0
High school or above	49.5	77.3	8.5	1.0	21.5	4.0
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.382	<0.001	0.081
Income, n (%)
<5000	64.9	84.8	4.1	0.7	10.6	2.3
5000–9999	57.6	80.4	4.4	0.4	12.5	1.5
10000–19999	52.7	78.6	5.7	0.9	16.0	3.6
≥20000	50.0	77.3	8.7	1.4	21.5	5.5
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Mean BMI,kg/m^Citation2
<18.5	46.6	70.7	4.7	1.0	19.7	6.6
18.5–23.9	47.9	73.1	4.9	0.8	16.0	3.8
24.0–27.9	60.1	84.3	6.4	1.1	16.1	3.8
≥28.0	72.9	92.2	5.6	0.7	11.7	1.9
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	0.034	0.209	0.005	0.011
Current smoking, %
Yes	53.9	79.9	4.9	0.8	16.6	4.2
No	57.7	80.8	5.9	0.9	14.6	3.1
P-value	<0.001	0.155	0.049	0.687	0.158	0.135
Current drinking, %
Yes	56.9	82.8	3.9	0.5	14.7	2.7
No	56.8	79.8	6.3	1.0	15.0	3.5
P-value	0.842	<0.001	<0.001	0.001	0.842	0.269
Lack of exercise, %
Yes	66.8	86.1	5.7	1.0	12.4	2.7
No	55.3	79.8	5.7	0.9	15.5	3.5
P-value	<0.001		0.974	0.653	0.031	0.321
Family history of hypertension, %
Yes	66.5	86.4	7.6	1.2	14.8	3.1
No	52.1	77.8	4.5	0.7	15.1	3.6
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.001	0.781	0.438
Region
Urban	50.9	76.6	11.4	1.8	24.4	5.6
Rural	59.2	82.2	3.7	0.6	10.5	2.2
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Diabetes
Yes	71.7	90.2	7.4	1.6	14.5	3.8
No	53.7	78.6	5.2	0.7	15.2	3.1
P-value	<0.001		<0.001	<0.001	0.571	0.261
High TC
Yes	66.2	87.3	5.0	0.9	12.6	3.2
No	55.2	79.5	5.8	0.9	15.5	3.4
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	0.159	0.778	0.053	0.764
High TG
Yes	67.6	88.8	6.7	1	15.1	3
No	54.5	78.8	5.4	0.9	14.9	3.4
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	0.02	0.419	0.875	0.532
Low HDL
Yes	57.4	82.1	8.0	1.4	17.5	4.2
No	56.7	80.4	5.4	0.8	14.6	3.2
P-value	0.512	0.06	<0.001	0.025	0.074	0.201
High LDL
Yes	65.3	86	4.7	0.7	10.9	2
No	56.3	80.3	5.8	0.9	15.3	3.4
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	0.268	0.431	0.038	0.171

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

Table 4 Multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for prevalence of hypertension by region

	Urban						Rural
	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis			Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
Sex
Female	1.00			1.00			1.00	–		1.00	–
Male	1.35	1.21–1.52	<0.001	1.30	1.12–1.49	<0.001	1.04	0.97–1.11	0.298	1.33	1.21–1.46	<0.001
Age group (Year)
40-				1.00			1.00	–		1.00	–
50-	1.95	1.61–2.37	<0.001	1.93	1.57–2.37	<0.001	1.70	1.53–1.89	<0.001	1.68	1.50–1.88	<0.001
60-	2.97	2.46–3.58	<0.001	3.02	2.46–3.70	<0.001	3.01	2.71–3.34	<0.001	3.12	2.77–3.51	<0.001
70-	5.36	4.28–6.72	<0.001	6.04	4.71–7.74	<0.001	4.90	4.28–5.59	<0.001	5.61	4.81–6.54	<0.001
80-	5.47	3.69–8.10	<0.001	7.94	5.21–12.09	<0.001	5.37	4.19–6.90	<0.001	7.07	5.39–9.28	<0.001
Education
Primary school or lower	1.00			1.00			1.00	–		1.00	–
Middle school	0.69	0.60–0.78	<0.001	0.84	0.73–0.98	0.023	0.61	0.56–0.66	<0.001	0.79	0.72–0.86	<0.001
High school or above	0.61	0.52–0.71	<0.001	0.77	0.64–0.92	0.003	0.63	0.56–0.72	<0.001	0.79	0.68–0.91	0.001
Income
<5000	1.00						1.00	–		1	–
5000–9999	1.42	1.07–1.88	0.016				0.70	0.64–0.76	<0.001	0.96	0.87–1.06	0.427
10000–19999	1.08	0.86–1.36	0.495				0.59	0.54–0.65	<0.001	0.9	0.81–1.00	0.06
≥20000	1.09	0.90–1.33	0.382				0.49	0.44–0.54	<0.001	0.78	0.69–0.88	<0.001
Lack of exercise
No	1.00						1.00	–		1.00	–
Yes	1.11	0.92–1.33	0.294				1.74	1.57–1.93	<0.001	1.24	1.10–1.38	<0.001
Family history of hypertension
No	1.00			1.00			1.00	–	–	1.00	–	–
Yes	2.03	1.80–2.29	<0.001	2.57	2.26–2.93	<0.001	1.73	1.60–1.86	<0.001	2.11	1.94–2.30	<0.001
Current smoking
No	1.00						1.00	–	–	1.00	–	–
Yes	1.03	0.90–1.19	0.627				0.77	0.72–0.84	<0.001	0.79	0.72–0.88	<0.001
Current drinking
No	1.00			1.00			1.00	–	–	–	–	–
Yes	1.21	1.06–1.38	0.005	1.20	1.01–1.41	0.034	0.91	0.84–0.98	0.015	–	–	–
Overweight/Obesity
No	1.00			1.00			1.00	–	–	–	–	–
Yes	2.14	1.92–2.39	<0.001	2.01	1.79–2.27	<0.001	1.91	1.78–2.05	<0.001	–	–	–
Diabetes
No	1.00			1.00			1.00	–	–	1.00	–	–
Yes	2.29	1.99–2.63	<0.001	1.74	1.50–2.03	<0.001	2.23	2.01–2.48	<0.001	1.61	1.44–1.80
High TC
No	1.00			1.00			1.00	–	–	1.00	–	–
Yes	1.50	1.28–1.74	<0.001	1.23	1.04–1.46	0.014	1.65	1.48–1.83	<0.001	1.25	1.12–1.41
High TG
No	1.00			1.00			1.00	–	–	1.00	–	–
Yes	1.80	1.57–2.06	<0.001	1.61	1.39–1.87	<0.001	1.76	1.60–1.94	<0.001	1.55	1.39–1.72
Low HDL
No	1.00						1.00	–		–	–	–
Yes	1.21	1.08–1.36	0.002				1.32	1.11–1.57	0.001	–	–	–
High LDL
No	1.00						1.00	–		–	–	–
Yes	1.38	1.15–1.67	0.001				1.79	1.49–2.16	<0.001	–	–	–

Abbreviations: TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

Table 5 Multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for control rate of hypertension by region

	Urban						Rural
	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis			Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
Sex
Female	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Male	0.59	0.46–0.77	<0.001	0.49	0.36–0.67	<0.001	0.61	0.47–0.79	<0.001	0.65	0.51–0.85	0.001
Age group (Year)
40-	1.00						1.00			1.00
50-	1.64	0.93–2.90	0.088				1.99	1.22–3.24	0.006	2.01	1.23–3.28	0.005
60-	1.65	0.95–2.88	0.076				1.71	1.07–2.79	0.026	1.84	1.14–2.99	0.013
70-	1.42	0.78–2.57	0.247				1.37	0.81–2.32	0.248	1.57	0.91–2.69	0.103
80-	1.04	0.43–2.55	0.926				1.27	0.57–2.83	0.554	1.50	0.66–3.42	0.330
Education
Primary school or lower	1.00			1.00			1.00
Middle school	1.34	1.00–1.79	0.051	1.32	0.98–1.78	0.066	0.88	0.67–1.15	0.331
High school or above	1.67	1.19–2.35	0.003	1.71	1.21–2.43	0.003	0.83	0.52–1.34	0.449
Income
<5000	1.00						1.00
5000–9999	0.86	0.45–1.64	0.652				1.03	0.76–1.39	0.856
10000–19999	1.11	0.66–1.86	0.702				0.94	0.66–1.32	0.701
≥20000	1.07	0.68–1.69	0.768				0.92	0.64–1.34	0.662
Lack of exercise
No	1.00						1.00			1.00
Yes	0.94	0.62–1.41	0.755				1.40	1.06–1.86	0.017	1.45	1.08–1.94	0.013
Family history of hypertension
No	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Yes	1.63	1.29–2.07	<0.001	1.52	1.20–1.94	0.001	2.06	1.63–2.61	<0.001	2.00	1.56–2.55	<0.001
Current smoking
No	1.00			1.00			1.00
Yes	0.92	0.68–1.24	0.569	1.44	1.00–2.05	0.048	0.87	0.66–1.15	0.321
Current drinking
No	1.00						1.00
Yes	0.66	0.48–0.90	0.009				0.65	0.48–0.86	0.003
Overweight/Obesity
No	1.00						1.00
Yes	1.08	0.84–1.39	0.569				1.26	0.99–1.62	0.064
Diabetes
No	1.00						1.00			1.00
Yes	1.19	0.92–1.55	0.177				1.46	1.12–1.91	0.005	1.37	1.05–1.80	0.023
High TC
No	1.00						1.00			1.00
Yes	0.98	0.71–1.33	0.873				0.69	0.48–0.99	0.043	0.60	0.42–0.86	0.005
High TG
No	1.00						1.00
Yes	1.22	0.94–1.59	0.132				1.10	0.83–1.47	0.504
Low HDL
No	1.00						1.00
Yes	0.84	0.65–1.10	0.205				0.89	0.50–1.56	0.680
High LDL
No	1.00			1.00			1.00
Yes	0.66	0.43–1.02	0.062	0.61	0.39–0.94	0.026	0.59	0.30–1.15	0.123

Abbreviations: TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.

Figure 5 The absolute differences in prevalence of hypertension according to 2010 Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension to 2017 ACC/AHA high blood pressure guidelines by region (A) and sex (B). ^#p<0.05, *p<0.001.

Lu J, Lu Y, Wang X, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from 1·7 million adults in a population-based screening study (China PEACE million persons project). Lancet. 2017;390:2549–2558. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32478-929102084

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