Associations Between Psychiatric Disorders and Enuresis in Taiwanese Children: A National Population-Based Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparisons of Demographic Data and Psychiatric Disorders Between the Enuresis and Non-Enuresis Groups with Odds Ratios (ORs) Measured in Univariate Logistic Regression Analysis

	Enuresis		Non-Enuresis		P value	ORs	95% CI
	(n=1146)		(n=4584)
	n	%		%
Sex					1
Male	673	58.7	2692	58.7		1	0.877–1.141
Female	473	41.3	1892	41.3		1	Reference
Age (years)					1
5-6	390	34.0	1560	34.0		1	Reference
7–12	705	61.5	2820	61.5		1	0.871–1.148
13–18	51	4.5	204	4.5		1	0.722–1.386
Urbanization					0.889
Urban (levels 1–2)	710	62.0	2818	61.5		1	Reference
Suburban (levels 3–4)	340	29.7	1362	29.7		0.991	0.857–1.145
Rural (levels 5–7)	96	8.4	404	8.8		0.943	0.744–1.196
Psychiatric disorders
MDD	21	1.8	30	0.7	*<0.001	2.834	1.616–4.968
Bipolar disorder	1	0.1	7	0.2	1	0.571	0.070–4.646
ADHD	112	9.8	155	3.4	*<0.001	3.095	2.405–3.983
ASD	14	1.2	23	0.5	*0.007	2.453	1.258–4.781
Anxiety disorders	41	3.6	54	1.2	*<0.001	3.113	2.063–4.696
Schizophrenia	2	0.2	9	0.2	1	0.889	0.192–4.119
Intelligence disability	34	3.0	35	0.8	*<0.001	3.974	2.468–6.400
DBD	13	1.1	14	0.3	*<0.001	3.745	1.756–7.990
ODD	6	0.5	5	0.1	*0.012	4.820	1.468–15.821
CD	7	0.6	10	0.2	0.06	2.811	1.068–7.401
Tic disorder	28	2.4	43	0.9	*<0.001	2.645	1.636–4.276
Number of psychiatric disorders					*<0.001
0	975	85.1	4325	94.3		1	Reference
1	104	9.1	175	3.8		2.636	2.048–3.393
2	45	3.9	64	1.4		3.119	2.117–4.596
≥3	22	1.9	20	0.4		4.879	2.653–8.976
Age at diagnosis of psychiatric disorders (years)
MDD	14.7±4.0		16.3±2.9		0.092
Bipolar disorder	11.8		14.6±4.2		0.557
ADHD	7.8±2.8		8.4±3.1		0.095
ASD	7.4±3.9		6.9±4.3		0.710
Anxiety disorders	11.2±4.7		12.3±4.9		0.266
Schizophrenia	18.1±3.7		15.3±1.8		0.117
Intelligence disability	8.6±3.8		10.3±5.4		0.137
DBD
ODD	11.0±2.4		10.0±4.1		0.637
CD	10.7±3.4		12.5±2.5		0.242
Tic disorder	9.7±3.2		9.5±3.1		0.791

Note: *Fisher’s exact test or Chi-square test P<0.05.

Table 2 Odds Ratios for the Risk of Psychiatric Disorders in All Children with Enuresis Compared to Those Without Enuresis in Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis

	MDD		Bipolar Disorder		ADHD		ASD		Anxiety Disorders		Schizophrenia		Intelligence Disability		DBD		Tic Disorder		Any One of the Psychiatric Disorder Studied
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
All children with enuresis	2.841	1.619–4.987	0.572	0.070–4.659	3.156	2.446–4.073	2.468	1.264–4.822	3.113	2.063–4.699	0.882	0.190–4.098	3.989	2.476–6.426	3.749	1.756–8.004	2.660	1.642–4.308	2.968	2.413–3.649
P value	< 0.001		0.602		<0.001		0.008		<0.001		0.873		<0.001		0.001		<0.001		<0.001

Note: Adjusted for sex, age and urbanization.

Table 3 Odds Ratios for Psychiatric Disorders in Boys with Enuresis Compared to Those Without Enuresis in Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis

	MDD		Bipolar Disorder		ADHD		ASD		Anxiety Disorders		Schizophrenia		Intelligence Disability		DBD		Tic Disorder		Any One of the Psychiatric Disorders Studied
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Boys with enuresis	3.695	1.622–8.416	0.000	0.000–0.000	2.878	2.160–3.835	2.649	1.309–5.357	3.114	1.839–5.275	0.800	0.093–6.899	3.912	2.138–7.160	3.028	1.270–7.221	2.515	1.501–4.212	2.839	2.225–3.622
P value	0.002		0.992		<0.001		0.007		<0.001		0.839		<0.001		0.012		<0.001		<0.001

Note: Adjusted for age and urbanization.

Table 4 Odds Ratios for Psychiatric Disorders in Girls with Enuresis Compared to Those Without Enuresis in Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis

	MDD		Bipolar Disorder		ADHD		ASD		Anxiety Disorders		Schizophrenia		Intelligence Disability		DBD		Tic Disorder		Any One of the Psychiatric Disorders Studied
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Girls with enuresis	2.247	1.028–4.910	1.024	0.114–9.205	4.501	2.557–7.923	1.322	0.137–12.742	3.180	1.643–6.155	0.997	0.111–8.955	4.142	1.904–9.009	8.085	1.468–44.521	4.070	1.013–16.356	3.329	2.250–4.926
P value	0.042		0.983		<0.001		0.809		0.001		0.998		<0.001		0.016		0.048		<0.001

Note: Adjusted for age and urbanization.