Home-Time as a Surrogate Measure for Functional Outcome After Stroke: A Validation Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 The assembly of the study population.

Abbreviations: mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NHID, National Health Insurance Research Database; TIA, transient ischemic attack.

Figure 2 The scheme illustrating the calculation of home-time (days).

Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Population

	All, N = 7959	Patients with 90-Day mRS, N = 6809	Patients with 180-Day mRS, N = 6694	Patients with 365-Day mRS, N = 4330
Age, mean (SD)	71.8 (12)	72.3 (11.2)	72.3 (11.2)	73.2 (11.1)
Female	3475 (43.7)	3006 (44.1)	2959 (44.2)	1893 (43.7)
Stroke type
Ischemic stroke	6025 (75.7)	5203 (76.4)	5108 (76.3)	3208 (74.1)
Hemorrhagic stroke	1480 (18.6)	1216 (17.9)	1201 (17.9)	865 (20.0)
TIA	454 (5.7)	390 (5.7)	385 (5.8)	257 (5.9)
Comorbidity
Hypertension	6419 (80.7)	5518 (81.0)	5419 (81.0)	3508 (81.0)
Diabetes mellitus	3256 (40.9)	2798 (41.1)	2748 (41.1)	1827 (42.2)
Hyperlipidemia	2862 (36)	2465 (36.2)	2409 (36.0)	1520 (35.1)
Ischemic heart disease	1785 (22.4)	1550 (22.8)	1527 (22.8)	1022 (23.6)
Atrial fibrillation	991 (12.5)	855 (12.6)	844 (12.6)	571 (13.2)
Heart failure	837 (10.5)	719 (10.6)	713 (10.7)	505 (11.7)
COPD	802 (10.1)	696 (10.2)	682 (10.2)	475 (11.0)
Chronic kidney disease	378 (4.7)	315 (4.6)	317 (4.7)	232 (5.4)
Liver diseases	701 (8.8)	601 (8.8)	590 (8.8)	389 (9.0)
Cancer	1012 (12.7)	848 (12.5)	844 (12.6)	547 (12.6)
Depression	342 (4.3)	290 (4.3)	288 (4.3)	181 (4.2)
NIHSS, median (IQR)	5 (2–14)	5 (2–14)	5 (2–15)	6 (3–19)

Note: Data are numbers (percentage) unless specified otherwise.

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IQR, interquartile range; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; SD, standard deviation; TIA, transient ischemic attack.

Figure 3 Box-and-whisker plots showing the distribution of home-times across mRS scores at 90, 180, and 365 days in all patients and subgroups of patients.

Abbreviations: mRS, modified Rankin Scale; TIA, transient ischemic attack.

Table 2 The Correlation Coefficients Between Home-Time and the mRS Score by Spearman’s Rank Correlation Analysis

	All	Ischemic Stroke	Hemorrhagic Stroke	TIA
	Spearman’s Rho (95% CI)	Spearman’s Rho (95% CI)	Spearman’s Rho (95% CI)	Spearman’s Rho (95% CI)
90 days	−0.74 (−0.75 to −0.73)	−0.69 (−0.71 to −0.68)	−0.86 (−0.87 to −0.84)	−0.32 (−0.41 to −0.23)
180 days	−0.76 (−0.77 to −0.75)	−0.71 (−0.73 to −0.70)	−0.88 (−0.89 to −0.86)	−0.42 (−0.50 to −0.33)
365 days	−0.85 (−0.86 to −0.84)	−0.83 (−0.84 to −0.81)	−0.88 (−0.90 to −0.87)	−0.58 (−0.66 to −0.50)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; TIA, transient ischemic attack.

Table 3 Area Under Curve and Optimal Cut-off Values for Home-Time to Predict Good Functional Outcome

	All				Ischemic Stroke				Hemorrhagic Stroke				TIA
	AUC (95% CI)	Cut-off (days)	Sen (95% CI)	Spe (95% CI)	AUC (95% CI)	Cut-off (days)	Sen (95% CI)	Spe (95% CI)	AUC (95% CI)	Cut-off (days)	Sen (95% CI)	Spe (95% CI)	AUC (95% CI)	Cut-off (days)	Sen (95% CI)	Spe (95% CI)
90 days	0.874 (0.865–0.882)	79	0.750 (0.740–0.760)	0.845 (0.836–0.854)	0.853 (0.843–0.863)	80	0.736 (0.725–0.747)	0.824 (0.815–0.833)	0.917 (0.902–0.932)	65	0.750 (0.740–0.760)	0.928 (0.922–0.934)	0.784 (0.710–0.858)	79	0.542 (0.530–0.554)	0.934 (0.928–0.94)
180 days	0.886 (0.878–0.894)	166	0.749 (0.738–0.760)	0.867 (0.859–0.875)	0.868 (0.858–0.878)	169	0.771 (0.761–0.781)	0.810 (0.800–0.820)	0.924 (0.910–0.939)	156	0.812 (0.802–0.822)	0.885 (0.877–0.893)	0.833 (0.770–0.897)	170	0.698 (0.687–0.709)	0.888 (0.880–0.896)
365 days	0.917 (0.909–0.925)	345	0.771 (0.758–0.784)	0.910 (0.901–0.919)	0.902 (0.892–0.913)	345	0.729 (0.715–0.743)	0.919 (0.911–0.927)	0.953 (0.940–0.966)	338	0.867 (0.857–0.877)	0.921 (0.913–0.929)	0.884 (0.828–0.941)	354	0.790 (0.778–0.802)	0.851 (0.840–0.862)

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curves; CI, confidence interval; Sen, sensitivity; Spe, specificity; TIA, transient ischemic attack.