The Impact of Lung Function on Extra-Pulmonary Diseases and All-Cause Mortality in US Adult Population with and without COPD

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Subjects With and Without COPD

Characteristics	COPD (N=1800)	Non-COPD (N=11,437)	t/χ^2	P
Age	58.47±14.04	45.07±15.79	−36.98	<0.001
Gender
Male	1147 (63.72)	5532 (48.37)	146.65	<0.001
Female	653 (36.28)	5905 (51.63)
Race
Mexican American	136 (7.56)	1946 (17.01)	288.21	<0.001
Other Hispanic	123 (6.83)	1299 (11.36)
Non-Hispanic White	1080 (60.00)	4594 (40.17)
Non-Hispanic Black	360 (20.00)	2534 (22.16)
Other Race	101 (5.61)	1064 (9.30)
Height*	170.29±9.64	167.6±10.10	−10.91	<0.001
Weight*	80.77±19.55	82.39±21.47	3.21	0.001
BMI*	27.77±6.02	29.25±6.87	9.51	<0.001
Protein*	81.91±44.29	82.71±42.06	0.70	0.483
Carbohydrate*	258.23±132.64	263.46±128.84	1.56	0.119
Total fat*	81±48.35	80±46.66	−0.80	0.424
Alcohol use*	12.57±29.84	10.88±30.25	−2.15	0.032
Smoking status*
Never-smoker	528 (29.35)	6688 (58.51)	533.54	<0.001
Ex-smoker	624 (34.69)	2365 (20.69)
Current-smoker	647 (35.96)	2377 (20.80)
Income level*
Low income	601 (35.04)	3843 (35.68)	0.89	0.6412
Middle income	233 (13.59)	1522 (14.13)
High income	881 (51.37)	5406 (50.19)
Education*
< High school	522 (29.02)	2845 (24.89)	36.49	<0.001
High school or equivalent	465 (25.85)	2550 (22.31)
> High school	812 (45.14)	6033 (52.79)
Mortality*	180 (10.01)	382 (3.35)	169.51	<0.001
FEV1	2.43±0.83	3.14±0.88	33.15	<0.001
FVC	3.83±1.18	3.90±1.08	2.15	0.031
FEV1/FVC	0.63±0.07	0.81±0.06	99.81	<0.001
FEV1% predicted*	0.79±0.18	0.98±0.14	40.60	<0.001
FVC% predicted*	0.96±0.17	0.97±0.14	2.33	0.020
EOS%*	3.16±2.21	2.83±2.11	−5.79	<0.001
NEU%*	59.41±9.26	57.52±9.37	−7.83	<0.001

Note: *There were some missing data in these baseline characteristics.

Table 2 Prevalence of 14 Diseases in Subjects With and Without COPD

Diseases	Entire Cohort	COPD	Non-COPD	χ^2	P
Hypertension	5012 (37.86)	952 (52.89)	4060 (35.50)	199.91	<0.001
DM	2092 (15.80)	386 (21.44)	1706 (14.92)	49.81	<0.001
Dyslipidemia*	8255 (63.03)	1197 (67.02)	7058 (62.40)	14.11	<0.001
MS	3318 (25.07)	518 (28.78)	2800 (24.48)	15.28	<0.001
CHF	250 (1.89)	76 (4.22)	174 (1.52)	61.22	<0.001
Coronary disease	654 (4.94)	198 (11.00)	456 (3.99)	162.86	<0.001
Stroke	302 (2.28)	75 (4.17)	227 (1.98)	33.21	<0.001
CKD	1910 (14.43)	407 (22.61)	1503 (13.14)	112.95	<0.001
Anemia	1324 (10.00)	180 (10.00)	1144 (10.00)	0.00	1.000
Arthritis*	3140 (23.72)	671 (37.28)	2469 (21.59)	211.53	<0.001
Cancer	998 (7.54)	275 (15.28)	723 (6.32)	178.96	<0.001
Obesity*
Underweight	183 (1.39)	42 (2.35)	141 (1.24)	78.42	<0.001
Normal	3664 (27.82)	594 (33.24)	3070 (26.97)
Overweight	4417 (33.53)	637 (35.65)	3780 (33.20)
Obesity	4908 (37.26)	514 (28.76)	4394 (38.59)
Osteoporosis
Normal	8093 (61.14)	899 (49.94)	7194 (62.90)	167.19	<0.001
Osteopenia	3403 (25.71)	508 (28.22)	2895 (25.31)
Osteoporosis	1741 (13.15)	393 (21.83)	1348 (11.79)
Depression*
None	9341 (76.52)	1267 (76.23)	8074 (76.56)	7.53	0.110
Mild	1815 (14.87)	263 (15.82)	1552 (14.72)
Moderate	647 (5.30)	88 (5.29)	559 (5.30)
Moderately-Severe	294 (2.41)	26 (1.56)	268 (2.54)
Severe	111 (0.91)	18 (1.08)	93 (0.88)

Note: *There were some missing data in these diseases.

Figure 1 Associations between diseases and lung function in COPD patients after adjusting for multiple factors.

Notes: The following variables were removed from the logistic regression models to avoid collinearity because they are included in the definition of the corresponding diseases: MS: hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia; dyslipidemia: gender; obesity: BMI; CKD: gender, race; anemia: gender.

Figure 2 Associations between diseases and lung function in the non-COPD population after adjusting for multiple factors.

Notes: The following variables were removed from the logistic regression models to avoid collinearity because they are included in the definition of the corresponding diseases: MS: hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia; dyslipidemia: gender; obesity: BMI; CKD: gender, race; anemia: gender.

Table 3 The Impact of Lung Function on All-Cause Mortality in the COPD and Non-COPD Population

Lung Function Indices		COPD			Non-COPD
		b	P	HR (95% CI)	b	P	HR (95% CI)
FEV1% predicted^a	1	1.62	<0.001	5.07 (2.67, 9.61)	0.38	0.033	1.46 (1.03, 2.08)
	2	1.44	<0.001	4.21 (2.22, 7.99)	0.41	0.011	1.5 (1.1, 2.06)
	3	0.8	0.016	2.23 (1.16, 4.3)	0.18	0.236	1.2 (0.89, 1.61)
	4	1.08	<0.001	2.96 (1.57, 5.56)	Ref	Ref	1
	5	Ref	Ref	1	–	–	–
FVC% predicted^b	1	0.93	<0.001	2.52 (1.55, 4.09)	0.44	0.014	1.56 (1.1, 2.22)
	2	0.72	0.003	2.06 (1.28, 3.32)	0.44	0.006	1.56 (1.14, 2.13)
	3	0.26	0.332	1.3 (0.77, 2.19)	0.32	0.039	1.37 (1.02, 1.86)
	4	Ref	Ref	1	Ref	Ref	1

Notes: ^aFEV₁% predicted in the COPD population: 1: < 60%, 2: 60% ~ 70%, 3: 70% ~ 80%, 4: 80% ~ 90%, 5: ≥ 90%; FEV₁% predicted in the non-COPD population: 1: < 80%, 2: 80% ~ 90%, 3: 90% ~ 100%, 4: ≥ 100%. ^bFVC% predicted in the COPD and non-COPD populations: 1: < 80%, 2: 80% ~ 90%, 3: 90% ~ 100%, 4: ≥ 100%.