Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Hypertension in Adults with Disabilities: A Cross-Sectional Study in Shanghai, China

Figures & data

Table 1 Prevalence of Hypertension Stratified by Age and Gender

Age Group	Total (n=7348)		Male (n=3861)		Female (n=3487)
	No.	Prevalence	No.	Prevalence	No.	Prevalence
18–39	50	8.9%	30	10.0%	20	7.6%
40–59	779	31.9%	432	37.9%	347	26.7%
60–79	2227	52.5%	1291	54.8%	936	49.6%
≥80	67	64.4%	38	57.6%	29	76.3%
Total	3123	42.5%	1791	46.4%	1332	38.2%

Table 2 Hypertension Treatment and Control Rates of Participants

Variables	Treatment		Control
	Cases n (%)	(% 95% CI)	Cases n (%)	(% 95% CI)
Total (n=3123)	2653 (85.0)	(83.7–86.3%)	1437 (46.0)	(44.3–47.7%)
Gender
Male (n=1791)	1137(63.5)	(61.3–65.7%)	832 (46.5)	(44.2–48.8%)
Female (n=1332)	1116 (83.8)	(81.8–85.8%)	605 (54.2)	(51.5–56.9%)
Age
18–39 (n=50)	31 (62.0)	(48.5–75.5%)	17 (34.0)	(20.9–47.1%)
40–59 (n=779)	649 (83.3)	(80.7–85.9%)	395 (50.7)	(47.2–54.2%)
60–79 (n=2227)	1911 (85.8)	(84.4–87.2%)	1001 (45.0)	(42.9–47.1%)
≥80 (n=67)	62 (92.5)	(86.2–98.8%)	24 (35.8)	(24.3–47.3%)
Type of disability
Physical disability (n=1939)	1708 (88.1)	(86.7–89.5%)	918 (47.3)	(45.1–49.5%)
Intellectual/Mental disability (n=281)	194 (69.0)	(63.6–74.4%)	87 (31.0)	(25.6–36.4%)
Vision disability (n=681)	574 (84.3)	(81.6–87.0%)	338 (49.6)	(45.8–53.4%)
Hearing/Speech disability (n=182)	145 (79.7)	(73.9–85.5%)	84 (46.2)	(39.0–53.4%)
Multiple disability (n=40)	22 (55.0)	(39.6–70.4%)	11 (27.5)	(13.7–41.3%)
Degree of disability
Very severe disability (n=213)	178 (83.6)	(78.6–88.6%)	106 (49.8)	(43.1–56.5%)
Severe disability (n=411)	354 (86.1)	(82.8–89.4%)	192 (46.7)	(41.9–51.5%)
Moderate disability (n=1032)	872 (84.5)	(82.3–86.7%)	483 (46.8)	(43.8–49.8%)
Mild disability (n=1467)	1249 (85.1)	(83.3–86.9%)	656 (44.7)	(42.2–47.2%)

Table 3 Distribution of Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Disabled Persons by Hypertension Status (Normotension vs Hypertension)

Variables	Normotension (n=4225)	Hypertension (n=3123)
Age, mean (SD), years	57.1 (12.0)	64.2 (8.4)
Male, %	49.0	57.3
Types of disability, % (95% CI)
Physical disability	50.7 (49.2–52.2)	62.1 (60.4–63.8)
Intellectual/Mental disability	20.1 (18.9–21.3)	9.0 (8.0–10.0)
Vision disability	20.3 (19.1–21.5)	21.8 (20.4–23.2)
Hearing/Speech disability	7.6 (6.8–8.4)	5.8 (5.0–6.6)
Multiple disability	1.4 (1.0–1.8)	1.3 (0.9–1.7)
Degree of disability, % (95% CI)
Very severe disability	8.2 (7.4–9.0)	6.8 (5.9–7.7)
Severe disability	15.7 (14.6–16.8)	13.2 (12.0–14.4)
Moderate disability	33.1 (31.7–34.5)	33.0 (31.4–34.6)
Mild disability	42.9 (41.4–44.4)	47.0 (45.2–48.8)
Education level, % (95% CI)
Illiterate	3.0 (2.5–3.5)	2.6 (2.0–3.2)
Primary school	17.5 (16.4–18.6)	19.2 (17.8–20.6)
Junior high school	53.3 (51.8–54.8)	55.2 (53.5–56.9)
Senior high school or higher	26.2 (24.9–27.5)	23.0 (21.5–24.5)
Prevalence of disease, % (95% CI)
Diabetes mellitus	8.5 (7.7–9.3)	18.9 (17.5–20.3)
Hyperlipidemia	23.7 (22.4–25.0)	31.4 (29.8–33.0)
Coronary heart disease	5.8 (5.1–6.5)	13.6 (12.4–14.8)
BMI, mean (SD), kg/m^2	23.7 (3.5)	25.4 (3.5)
SBP, mean (SD), mmHg	120.0 (12.4)	136.2 (15.9)
DBP, mean (SD), mmHg	73.2 (7.6)	79.5 (8.4)
FBG, mean (SD), mmol/L	5.4 (1.5)	6.0 (1.9)
TC, mean (SD), mmol/L	5.1 (1.0)	5.1 (1.0)
TG, median (quartiles), mmol/L	1.3 (0.9, 1.9)	1.5 (1.1, 2.2)
Alb, mean (SD), g/L	43.9 (2.4)	43.8 (2.4)
Glo, mean (SD), g/L	30.0 (3.9)	30.3 (4.0)
UA, median (quartiles), mol/L	304.6 (254.6, 357.9)	333.2 (279.4, 390.9)
SCr, median (quartiles), μmol/L	59.4 (49.7, 70.0)	63.4 (52.3, 75.0)
eCrCl, median (quartiles), mL/min	95.6 (78.7, 116.6)	90.0 (74.3, 110.6)
SU, median (quartiles), mmol/L	5.0 (4.0, 6.0)	5.0 (4.0, 6.0)
Hb, mean (SD), g/L	141.4(15.4)	142.5 (14.8)
RBC, mean (SD), 10^12/L	4.7(0.5)	4.7 (0.5)
WBC, mean (SD), 10^9/L	6.5 (1.8)	6.7 (1.7)
PLT, mean (SD), 10^9/L	225.5 (62.5)	226.7 (61.1)

Table 4 Related Factors of Hypertension from Univariate Logistic Regression

Variables	OR	95% CI
Age (per 1 year)	1.07	1.07–1.08
Gender (male)	1.40	1.28–1.56
Physical disability	1.59	1.45–1.75
Degree of disability
Mild disability	–	–
Moderate disability	0.76	0.63–0.92
Severe disability	0.76	0.66–0.88
Very severe disability	0.91	0.82–1.01
BMI	1.15	1.14–1.17
FBG	1.21	1.18–1.25
TG	1.19	1.15–1.24
SU	1.24	1.20–1.28
RBC	1.17	1.06–1.29
WBC	1.10	1.07–1.13
Glo	1.01	0.99–1.28
hyper-UA	1.89	1.67–2.14
eCrCl <80 μmol/L	1.46	1.32–1.61

Table 5 Adjusted OR for Related Factors of Hypertension from Multivariate Logistic Regression

Variables*	OR	95% CI
Age (per 1 year)	1.06	1.05–1.07
Gender (male)	1.19	1.04–1.37
Physical disability	1.31	1.17–1.46
BMI	1.16	1.14–1.18
FBG	1.13	1.10–1.17
TG	1.06	1.02–1.10
SU	1.09	1.05–1.14
hyper-UA	1.43	1.24–1.63
eCrCl <80 μmol/L	1.05	1.01–1.20

Notes: *Adjust variables included of age, gender, physical disability, BMI, FBG, TG, SU, hyper-UA, eCrCl.