https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0393-4792
Figures & data
Figure 1 Flow diagram of the study population. Perinatal data were obtained from the Finnish Medical Birth Register. Non-smokers did not smoke at all during pregnancy, quitters stopped smoking during the first trimester, and smokers continued smoking after the first trimester.
Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Population (N = 43,632) by Maternal Smoking Status
Table 2 Mean Unadjusted Standard Deviation Scores (Head Circumference, Length/Height, and Weight-for-Length/Height) by Maternal Smoking Status from Birth to 6 Years of Age
Figure 2 The mean difference in HC, length/height, and weight-for-length/height SDS from birth to 6 years of age between children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy and those of non-smoking mothers (marked as a line at zero), panels (A–C), and between children of mothers who quit smoking during first trimester and those of non-smoking mothers (marked as a line at zero), panels (D–F). Solid lines indicate the mean difference in (A and D) head circumference (HC), (B and E) length/height, and (C and F) weight-for-length/height. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Mean differences are derived from linear mixed models with adjustments for age at visit, maternal height, age at delivery, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, socioeconomic status, housing (single or cohabiting), maternal hypertensive and diabetic conditions, fertility treatments (children conceived by in vitro fertilization had been excluded), twinning, and birth asphyxia.
Table 3 Mean Adjusted Standard Deviation Scores for Head Circumference, Length/Height, and Weight-for-Length/Height by Maternal Smoking Status from Birth to 6 Years of Age