Associations of Traumatic Injury with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart of the current study.

Abbreviation: FBG, fasting blood glucose.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Subjects

Varieties	Overall (n = 3830)	Control (n = 1915)	Traumatic Injury (n = 1915)
Age, years, mean (SD)	43.04 ± 9.57	43.04 ± 9.56	43.04 ± 9.57
Male, n (%)	3172 (82.82)	1586 (82.82)	1586 (82.82)
Smoke, n (%)
Current	1516 (39.58)	770 (40.21)	746 (38.96)
Former	180 (4.70)	76 (3.97)	104 (5.43)
Never	2134 (55.72)	1069 (55.82)	1065 (55.61)
Drink, n (%)
Current	1418 (37.02)	689 (35.98)	729 (38.07)
Former	299 (7.81)	181 (9.45)	118 (6.16)
Never	2113 (55.17)	1045 (54.57)	1068 (55.77)
Physical activity, n (%)
Yes	389 (10.16)	182 (9.50)	207 (10.81)
No	3441 (89.84)	1733 (90.50)	1708 (89.29)
SBP, mmHg, mean (SD)	126.12 ± 18.50	125.31 ± 17.80	126.93 ± 19.15
DBP, mmHg, mean (SD)	82.44 ± 11.20	82.53 ± 11.19	82.34 ± 11.22
TG, mmol/L, mean (SD)	1.60 ± 1.32	1.57 ± 1.24	1.63 ± 1.40
HDL-C, mmol/L, mean (SD)	1.45 (1.23–1.70)	1.43 (1.21–1.66)	1.48 (1.26–1.74)
LDL-C, mmol/L, mean (SD)	2.39 (1.89–2.85)	2.39 (1.92–2.85)	2.40 (1.85–2.85)
FBG, mmol/L, mean (SD)	5.00 (4.60–5.40)	5.00 (4.62–5.40)	4.96 (4.57–5.37)
Weight, kg, mean (SD)	70.54 ± 10.82	71.06 ± 10.67	70.01 ± 10.94
BMI, kg/m^2, mean (SD)	24.76 ± 3.28	24.84 ± 3.21	24.68 ± 3.34
WC, cm, mean (SD)	86.12 ± 9.77	86.05 ± 9.79	86.19 ± 9.76
HC, cm, mean (SD)	96.78 ± 9.45	96.72 ± 9.37	96.84 ± 9.53
WHR, mean (SD)	0.89 ± 0.07	0.89 ± 0.07	0.89 ± 0.07
FHD, n (%)
Yes	175 (4.57)	92 (4.80)	83 (4.33)
No	3655 (95.43)	1823 (95.20)	1832 (95.67)

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) or percentages.

Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; FHD, family history of diabetes.

Table 2 HR (95% CI) for Incident Abnormal Glucose Metabolism, IFG, and Diabetes Among Subjects with Traumatic Injury versus Controls According to Injury Severity

Outcomes	Injury Severity	Events/Total	Rate^a	HR (95% CI)
				Unadjusted	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Abnormal glucose metabolism
	Control	454/1915	34.77	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
	Traumatic injury	536/1915	44.97	1.30 (1.14, 1.47)	1.29 (1.14, 1.47)	1.29 (1.14, 1.47)	1.29 (1.14, 1.46)	1.32 (1.16, 1.49)
	Mild	405/1463	43.82	1.26 (1.10, 1.44)	1.29 (1.13, 1.48)	1.29 (1.13, 1.48)	1.29 (1.12, 1.47)	1.31 (1.15, 1.50)
	Moderate-severe	131/452	48.93	1.41 (1.16, 1.72)	1.30 (1.06, 1.58)	1.30 (1.06, 1.58)	1.29 (1.06, 1.57)	1.33 (1.09, 1.62)
IFG
	Control	378/1915	28.13	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
	Traumatic injury	446/1915	35.87	1.28 (1.12, 1.47)	1.28 (1.11, 1.46)	1.28 (1.11, 1.46)	1.26 (1.10, 1.45)	1.29 (1.12, 1.48)
	Mild	337/1463	35.03	1.25 (1.08, 1.45)	1.28 (1.10, 1.48)	1.28 (1.10, 1.48)	1.26 (1.09, 1.46)	1.28 (1.11, 1.49)
	Moderate-severe	109/452	38.75	1.39 (1.12, 1.71)	1.28 (1.03, 1.58)	1.28 (1.03, 1.58)	1.27 (1.02, 1.57)	1.30 (1.04, 1.61)
Diabetes
	Control	150/1915	10.35	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
	Traumatic injury	187/1915	13.68	1.33 (1.07, 1.65)	1.33 (1.07, 1.65)	1.33 (1.07, 1.65)	1.35 (1.08, 1.67)	1.37 (1.10, 1.70)
	Mild	142/1463	13.39	1.30 (1.03, 1.63)	1.34 (1.06, 1.68)	1.34 (1.06, 1.68)	1.35 (1.07, 1.70)	1.37 (1.09, 1.73)
	Moderate-severe	45/452	14.68	1.44 (1.03, 2.01)	1.31 (0.93, 1.83)	1.30 (0.93, 1.83)	1.33 (0.95, 1.87)	1.36 (0.97, 1.90)

Notes: Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, and FHD. Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, FHD, smoke, drink, physical activity, and WHR. Model 4: Adjusted for age, sex, FHD, smoke, drink, physical activity, WHR, SBP, DBP, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C. ^aPer 1000 person-years.

Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; FHD, family history of diabetes; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 2 The forest plot for the risk of abnormal glucose metabolism, IFG, and diabetes in the matched subjects for 1 (A), 3 (B), 5 (C), and 10-year (D) follow-up periods after baseline.

Abbreviation: IFG, impaired fasting glucose.