Loss of Anthropometry-Lipids Relationship in Obese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southern China

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Population

Variables	Study Population (N=9620)
Age	57.8±10.0
Sex
Female	6085(63.3)
Male	3535(36.7)
Body mass index, kg/m^2	24.2±3.3
Waist circumference, cm	83.1±9.4
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.9±0.1
LDL cholesterol, mg/dl	126.6±30.0
HDL cholesterol, mg/dl	61.2±13.5
Triglycerides, mg/dl	121.5±81.8
Triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio	2.2±2.0
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	134.1±20.7
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	84.6±11.2
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dl	98.0±29.7
Metabolic disorders
Increased LDL cholesterol	3917(40.7)
Decreased HDL cholesterol	1061(11.0)
Increased triglycerides	2095(21.8)
Central obesity	4655(48.4)
Increased blood pressure	6076(63.2)
Increased fasting blood glucose	2751(28.6)
Medications
Lipid-lowering drugs	183(1.9)
Anti-diabetic drugs	751(7.8)
Anti-hypertensive drugs	1616(16.8)
Smoking
Never	6878(71.5)
Former	836(8.7)
Current	1764(18.3)
Unknown	142(1.5)
Alcohol drinking
Never	7969(82.8)
Former	283(2.9)
Current	1139(11.9)
Unknown	229(2.4)

Note: Continuous variables are shown as mean±SD, categorical variables are shown as number (%). Abbreviations: LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.

Table 2 Slopes (95% CIs) of the Association Between Anthropometric Indices and Lipids Among Individuals Below or Above the Estimated Break Point

Variables	Break-Point	Below Break-Point		Above Break-Point
		Slope (95% CI)*	P value	Slope (95% CI)*	P value
LDL cholesterol
BMI (kg/m^2)	24	1.81(1.32,2.30)	<0.001	0.29(−0.08,0.66)	0.121
WC (cm)	82	0.60(0.42,0.78)	<0.001	0.09(−0.05,0.23)	0.226
WHR	0.9	84.9(66.85,102.95)	<0.001	−5.78(−29.06,17.5)	0.626
HDL cholesterol
BMI (kg/m^2)	28	−1.41(−1.53,-1.29)	<0.001	0.07(−0.24,0.38)	0.666
WC (cm)	97	−0.44(−0.48,-0.40)	<0.001	0.03(−0.17,0.23)	0.760
WHR	1.0	−53.1(−57.8,-48.4)	<0.001	−14.0(−33.8,5.8)	0.164
Triglycerides
BMI (kg/m^2)	28	4.96(4.29,5.63)	<0.001	2.93(0.70,5.16)	0.010
WC (cm)	98	1.83(1.63,2.03)	<0.001	0.46(−1.30,2.22)	0.610
WHR	1.0	255.0(226.8,283.2)	<0.001	64.2(−100.2,228.6)	0.445
Triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio
BMI (kg/m^2)	30	0.15(0.13,0.17)	<0.001	0.01(−0.09,0.11)	0.936
WC (cm)	99	0.06(0.05,0.06)	<0.001	0.01(−0.04,0.06)	0.830
WHR	1.0	7.53(6.84,8.22)	<0.001	2.25(−2.10,6.60)	0.313

Notes: *Adjusted for age, sex and number of metabolic disorders (excluding central obesity and the lipid of focus). Bold text indicates statistically significance.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.

Figure 1 LOESS regressions between anthropometric indices and LDL cholesterol. (A) Body mass index and LDL cholesterol; (B) waist circumference and LDL cholesterol; (C) waist-to-hip ratio and LDL cholesterol.

Figure 2 LOESS regressions between anthropometric indices and atherogenic lipids. (A) Body mass index and HDL cholesterol; (B) waist circumference and HDL cholesterol; (C) waist-to-hip ratio and HDL cholesterol; (D) body mass index and triglycerides; (E) waist circumference and triglycerides; (F) waist-to-hip ratio and triglycerides; (G) body mass index and triglycerides-to-HDL cholesterol ratio; (H) waist circumference and triglycerides-to-HDL cholesterol ratio; (I) waist-to-hip ratio and triglycerides-to-HDL cholesterol ratio.

Table 3 Slopes (95% CIs) of the Association of Body Mass Index with Lipids Stratified by Number of Metabolic Disorders

Variables	BMI<28 kg/m^2		BMI≥28 kg/m^2
	Slope (95% CI)*	P value	Slope (95% CI)*	P value
LDL cholesterol
0	1.35(0.90,1.80)	<0.001	−2.32(−5.91,1.27)	0.209
1	1.23(0.84,1.62)	<0.001	0.79(−0.99,2.57)	0.387
2	0.32(−0.27,0.91)	0.278	0.02(−1.32,1.36)	0.974
3	−0.06(−1.22,1.10)	0.915	0.81(−0.93,2.55)	0.366
4	0.35(−1.96,2.66)	0.768	−0.02(−3.82,3.78)	0.990
HDL cholesterol
0	−1.26(−1.50,-1.02)	<0.001	−0.12(−1.61,1.37)	0.874
1	−1.50(−1.70,-1.30)	<0.001	−0.73(−1.51,0.05)	0.070
2	−1.62(−1.84,-1.40)	<0.001	0.44(−0.09,0.97)	0.099
3	−1.19(−1.50,-0.88)	<0.001	−0.01(−0.52,0.50)	0.973
4	−0.63(−1.22,-0.04)	0.035	0.22(−0.62,1.06)	0.611
Triglycerides
0	3.03(2.25,3.81)	<0.001	2.85(−3.87,9.57)	0.410
1	5.00(4.04,5.96)	<0.001	5.45(−0.37,11.27)	0.068
2	5.73(4.36,7.10)	<0.001	2.89(0.01,5.77)	0.049
3	5.38(2.32,8.44)	0.001	0.19(−4.61,4.99)	0.939
4	15.41(2.55,28.27)	0.024	0.52(−24,25.04)	0.967
Triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio
0	0.12(0.10,0.14)	<0.001	0.18(−0.11,0.47)	0.219
1	0.18(0.16,0.20)	<0.001	0.09(−0.03,0.21)	0.133
2	0.16(0.12,0.20)	<0.001	0.02(−0.06,0.10)	0.578
3	0.12(0.08,0.16)	<0.001	0.03(−0.09,0.15)	0.570

Notes: *Adjusted for age, sex and number of metabolic disorders (excluding central obesity and the lipid of focus). Bold text indicates statistically significance.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.

Figure 3 LOESS regressions between body mass index and lipids, stratified by number of metabolic disorders. (A) Body mass index and LDL cholesterol; (B) body mass index and HDL cholesterol; (C) body mass index and triglycerides; (D) body mass index and triglycerides-to-HDL cholesterol ratio.