The association between long-term conditions and uptake of population-based screening for colorectal cancer: results from two English cohort studies

Figures & data

Table 1 Key characteristics of the two samples

Characteristics	Linked-YHS			ELSA
	Ever participated in screening (n = 6,016)	Never participated in screening (n = 1,126)	p-value	Ever participated in screening (n = 3,279)	Never participated in screening (n = 820)	p-value
Age, mean (SD)	63.36 (4.16)	63.39 (4.78)	0.849	67.61 (3.98)	67.39 (4.55)	0.170
Female gender	3,150 (52.36)	528 (46.89)	<0.001	1,858 (56.66)	414 (50.49)	0.002
White ethnicity	5,881 (97.76)	1,093 (97.07)	0.246	3,191 (97.32)	782 (95.37)	0.006
Deprivation score, mean (SD)	21.66 (15.11)	26.96 (17.54)	<0.001
Self-perceived social status, mean (SD)				57.29 (23.60)	48.93 (27.50)	<0.001
Smoking status			<0.001			<0.001
Never	2,770 (46.04)	434 (38.54)		2,963 (90.36)	634 (77.32)
Former	2,665 (44.30)	456 (40.50)		49 (1.49)	8 (0.98)
Current	581 (9.66)	236 (20.96)		267 (8.14)	178 (21.71)
Days drank alcohol in last week, mean (SD)	2.48 (2.30)	2.28 (2.41)	0.013	2.30 (2.39)	1.85 (2.41)	<0.001
Any educational qualifications	3,725 (61.92)	603 (53.55)	<0.001	2,442 (74.47)	533 (65.00)	<0.001
Long-term conditions
Anxiety	596 (9.91)	148 (13.14)	0.002	182 (5.55)	56 (6.83)	0.181
Depression	476 (7.91)	143 (12.70)	<0.001	248 (7.56)	76 (9.27)	0.111
Diabetes	532 (8.84)	160 (14.21)	<0.001	367 (11.19)	135 (16.46)	<0.001
High blood pressure	1,815 (30.17)	354 (31.44)	0.384	990 (30.19)	267 (32.56)	0.190
Osteoarthritis	939 (15.61)	147 (13.06)	0.036	1011 (30.83)	210 (25.61)	0.004
Stroke	149 (2.48)	55 (4.88)	<0.001	114 (3.48)	40 (4.88)	0.064
Breathing problems	702 (11.67)	167 (14.83)	0.004
Fatigue	1,126 (18.72)	268 (23.80)	<0.001
Heart disease	541 (8.99)	123 (10.92)	0.037
Insomnia	482 (8.01)	111 (9.86)	0.072
Pain	1,677 (27.88)	344 (30.55)	0.039
Other long-term condition	1819 (30.24)	296 (26.29)	0.015
Abnormal heart rhythm				173 (5.28)	37 (4.51)	0.425
Asthma				302 (9.21)	95 (11.59)	0.047
Emotional problems				59 (1.80)	26 (3.17)	0.019
Heart attack				127 (3.87)	50 (6.10)	0.007
High cholesterol				928 (28.30)	234 (28.54)	0.897
Lung disease				130 (3.96)	44 (5.37)	0.081
Osteoporosis				202 (6.16)	51 (6.22)	0.935
Other kind of arthritis				102 (3.11)	30 (3.66)	0.439
Other heart disease				113 (3.45)	28 (3.41)	1.000
Other psychiatric condition				93 (2.84)	35 (4.27)	0.043
Rheumatoid arthritis				214 (6.53)	51 (6.22)	0.812

Note: Data are n (%) unless otherwise specified.

Abbreviations: ELSA, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; YHS, Yorkshire Health Study.

Table 2 Results from the CRC linked-YHS cohort

Variables	Long-term condition-only model			Demographics-adjusted model			Full model
	Odds ratio	Standard error	95% CI	Odds ratio	Standard error	95% CI	Odds ratio	Standard error	95% CI
Fatigue	1.133	0.108	(0.941–1.365)	1.104	0.106	(0.915–1.333)	1.057	0.122	(0.832–1.342)
Pain	1.053	0.089	(0.892–1.243)	1.038	0.089	(0.878–1.228)	0.945	0.109	(0.762–1.171)
Insomnia	1.046	0.128	(0.823–1.328)	1.094	0.136	(0.858–1.395)	1.126	0.152	(0.837–1.516)
Anxiety	1.116	0.127	(0.893–1.394)	1.132	0.130	(0.903–1.418)	0.951	0.146	(0.714–1.266)
Depression	1.427	0.165	(1.137–1.791)	1.399	0.164	(1.112–1.759)	1.100	0.146	(0.826–1.466)
Diabetes	1.568	0.160	(1.285–1.914)	1.560	0.161	(1.274–1.911)	1.470	0.130	(1.140–1.897)
Breathing problems	1.218	0.119	(1.007–1.475)	1.257	0.124	(1.036–1.524)	1.085	0.125	(0.850–1.385)
High blood pressure	0.932	0.069	(0.806–1.078)	0.967	0.073	(0.835–1.121)	1.084	0.096	(0.897–1.310)
Heart disease	1.038	0.117	(0.833–1.294)	1.043	0.119	(0.833–1.305)	1.030	0.142	(0.779–1.361)
Osteoarthritis	0.714	0.073	(0.585–0.873)	0.744	0.077	(0.608–0.912)	0.743	0.130	(0.576–0.958)
Stroke	1.722	0.290	(1.238–2.395)	1.733	0.298	(1.238–2.427)	1.592	0.214	(1.047–2.420)
Other	0.789	0.059	(0.681–0.914)	0.817	0.062	(0.704–0.947)	0.790	0.097	(0.653–0.956)

Notes: Data in bold are statistically significant (p<0.05). The “full model” also includes age, gender, ethnicity, educational qualifications, levels of physical activity (physical exercise, walking, and cycling), smoking status, alcohol use, and deprivation score. The “Demographics-adjusted model” also includes age, gender, and ethnicity. See the Supplementary materials for “full model” results.

Abbreviations: CRC, colorectal cancer; YHS, Yorkshire Health Study.

Table 3 Results from the ELSA cohort

Variables	Long-term conditions-only model			Demographics-adjusted model			Full model
	Odds ratio	Standard error	95% CI	Odds ratio	Standard error	95% CI	Odds ratio	Standard error	95% CI
High blood pressure	1.078	0.102	(0.895–1.299)	1.075	0.103	(0.890–1.298)	1.107	0.111	(0.909–1.347)
High cholesterol	0.908	0.088	(0.752–1.097)	0.934	0.091	(0.772–1.129)	0.867	0.09	(0.708–1.062)
Heart attack	1.422	0.278	(0.969–2.087)	1.364	0.279	(0.913–2.038)	1.351	0.287	(0.890–2.050)
Diabetes	1.687	0.207	(1.327–2.145)	1.639	0.204	(1.284–2.091)	1.349	0.177	(1.042–1.745)
Stroke	1.366	0.286	(0.907–2.058)	1.361	0.285	(0.902–2.052)	1.012	0.226	(0.653–1.566)
Abnormal heart rhythm	0.709	0.142	(0.479–1.049)	0.685	0.141	(0.458–1.026)	0.759	0.16	(0.502–1.148)
Other heart disease	1.030	0.247	(0.644–1.647)	1.061	0.259	(0.657–1.712)	0.983	0.239	(0.610–1.583)
Lung disease	1.220	0.242	(0.828–1.798)	1.264	0.255	(0.851–1.877)	0.758	0.164	(0.496–1.158)
Asthma	1.247	0.168	(0.958–1.624)	1.225	0.168	(0.936–1.603)	1.225	0.177	(0.923–1.625)
Osteoarthritis	0.788	0.075	(0.653–0.951)	0.841	0.083	(0.694–1.020)	0.755	0.078	(0.616–0.925)
Rheumatoid arthritis	0.777	0.141	(0.545–1.107)	0.792	0.146	(0.553–1.136)	0.645	0.12	(0.448–0.928)
Other kind of arthritis	1.071	0.237	(0.694–1.652)	1.112	0.246	(0.721–1.714)	1.028	0.234	(0.659–1.605)
Osteoporosis	1.230	0.213	(0.876–1.726)	1.35	0.24	(0.954–1.912)	1.159	0.213	(0.809–1.660)
Depression	0.987	0.178	(0.692–1.406)	0.982	0.179	(0.687–1.405)	0.755	0.144	(0.519–1.099)
Anxiety	0.934	0.183	(0.636–1.370)	0.95	0.187	(0.646–1.396)	0.84	0.176	(0.557–1.266)
Emotional problems	1.575	0.462	(0.887–2.798)	1.459	0.434	(0.814–2.615)	1.414	0.432	(0.777–2.574)
Other psychiatric condition	1.306	0.310	(0.819–2.080)	1.319	0.321	(0.819–2.126)	1.202	0.31	(0.725–1.994)

Notes: Data in bold are statistically significant (p<0.05). The “full model” also includes age, gender, ethnicity, self-perceived social status, relationship status, smoking status, alcohol use, educational qualifications, and frequency of sports or exercise (vigorous, moderate, or mild). The “Demographics-adjusted model” also includes age, gender, and ethnicity. See the Supplementary materials for “full model” results.

Abbreviation: ELSA, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.