Psychological Resilience and Health-Related Quality of Life in Swedish Women with Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of the study cohort.

Table 1 Mean Scores of Psychological Resilience (CD-RISC25) According to Clinicopathological and Demographic Characteristics (N = 517)

Variables		N	%	CD-RISC25
				Range	Mean (SD)	P-value^a
All participants				31–100	70.6 (12.7)
Age (years)	Mean (SD): 62±11
	≤64 (median)	269	52	34–100	71.3 (12.4)	0.239
	>64 (median)	248	48	31–100	70.0 (13.0)
Menstrual status	Premenopausal	93	19	46–100	74.0 (11.7)	0.005
	Postmenopausal	397	81	31–100	69.8 (12.7)
	Unknown	27
Stage of breast cancer	0	43	8	31–96	69.5 (12.8)	0.196
	I	269	52	34–100	69.8 (13.1)
	II	164	32	41–96	71.4 (11.5)
	III	39	8	41–97	73.9 (13.6)
	Unknown	2
Type of cancer	Carcinoma in situ	46	9	31–96	69.6 (13.0)	0.620
	Invasive cancer	450	91	34–100	70.6 (12.7)
	Unknown	21
Mode of detection	Screening	334	65	34–100	69.9 (12.4)	0.084
	Symptomatic	182	35	31–100	72.0 (13.0)
	Unknown	1
Primary therapy	Surgery	491	95	31–100	70.5 (12.8)	0.201
	Systemic therapy	26	5	56–92	73.7 (9.7)
Study site	Halmstad	163	31	34–100	70.1 (13.1)	0.464
	Helsingborg	30	6	36–100	73.8 (14.5)
	Karlskrona	149	29	31–100	71.1 (12.6)
	Växjö	175	34	36–99	70.2 (12.0)
Social network	Living alone	114	22	31–100	72.0 (12.1)	0.001
	Living with child/children <18 years old only	11	2	46–91	74.4 (11.7)
	Living with adult/adults and child/children <18 years old	65	13	51–100	75.4 (11.4)
	Living with adult/adults only	327	63	34–100	69.1(12.9)
Educational level	Primary school <9 years	70	14	31–100	70.9 (14.6)	0.734
	Primary school completed	74	14	41–97	69.3 (13.6)
	Upper secondary education	92	18	41–97	70.8 (11.7)
	Post-secondary education <2 years	66	13	36–100	70.0 (12.3)
	Post-secondary education ≥2 years	204	39	36–100	71.0 (12.1)
	PhD (doctoral education)	11	2	41–92	75.5 (15.2)
Financial situation	Able to pay an unexpected bill of SEK 11,000/EUR 1100	466	90	34–100	70.8 (12.5)	0.300
	Unable to pay an unexpected bill of SEK 11,000/EUR 1100	51	10	31–100	68.9 (14.3)

Notes: ^aIndependent-samples t-test to compare means of two groups, one-way analysis of variance to compare means of three or more groups.

Figure 2 Histogram of total scores for psychological resilience (CD-RISC25) (N = 517).

Table 2 Health-Related Quality of Life (SF-36) (N = 517)

Variables	Study Cohort: Mean (SD)	Norm: Mean (SD)	P-values for Differences Between Study Cohort and Norm Data for SF-36^a
SF-36
Physical functioning	84.4 (19.4)	86.2 (20.4)	0.056
Role-physical	81.3 (34.7)	81.6 (33.1)	0.846
Bodily pain	80.8 (20.9)	72.7 (26.5)	<0.001
General health	70.2 (19.4)	75.1 (22.7)	<0.001
Vitality	67.0 (23.1)	66.7 (23.2)	0.780
Social functioning	83.9 (22.4)	87.5 (20.8)	<0.001
Role-emotional	76.6 (36.7)	84.0 (30.9)	<0.001
Mental health	70.1 (21.5)	79.6 (19.4)	<0.001

Note: ^aIndependent-samples t-test to compare means of two groups.

Table 3 Correlations Between Psychological Resilience (CD-RISC25) and Health-Related Quality of Life (SF-36) (N = 517)

Variables	CD-RISC25
SF-36	Pearson Correlation Coefficient***
Physical functioning	0.21
Role-physical	0.20
Bodily pain	0.21
General health	0.37
Vitality	0.33
Social functioning	0.27
Role-emotional	0.26
Mental health	0.34

Note: ***P-value <0.001 for all correlation coefficients.

Table 4 Uni- and Multivariable Linear Regression Analyses Between Psychological Resilience (CD-RISC25) and Health-Related Quality of Life (SF-36) (N=517)

	Model 1 – Unadjusted			Model 2 – Adjusted^a
	CD-RISC25			CD-RISC25
	β***	95% CI	R^2	β***	95% CI
Physical functioning	0.320	0.190–0.449	0.044	0.272	0.144–0.401
Role-physical	0.548	0.316–0.780	0.040	0.490	0.250–0.730
Bodily pain	0.349	0.210–0.488	0.045	0.315	0.169–0.461
General health	0.559	0.435–0.682	0.134	0.599	0.473–0.763
Vitality	0.603	0.454–0.752	0.109	0.609	0.454–0.763
Social functioning	0.474	0.327–0.622	0.072	0.512	0.356–0.667
Role-emotional	0.760	0.518–1.002	0.069	0.824	0.571–1.078
Mental health	0.581	0.443–0.719	0.117	0.628	0.483–0.773

Notes: ^aAdjusted for social network, menstrual status, age, mode of detection and stage of breast cancer. ***P-value < 0.001 for all β coefficients.

Abbreviations: β, beta coefficient; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; R², goodness-of-fit.