The Mediating Role of Hope in the Relationship Between Perceived Stress and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Chinese Patients with Oral Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Theoretical model of the mediation of hope on the association between perceived stress and PTSD symptoms. c: total effect of perceived stress on PTSD symptoms; a: association of perceived stress with hope; b: association between hope and PTSD symptoms after controlling for the covariate; c’: direct effect of perceived stress on PTSD symptoms after adding hope ad mediator.

Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants and Result of Univariate Analysis

Variables	N (%)	PTSD
		Mean	SD	F/t	P-value
Gender				1.870	0.063
Male	135(58.6)	33.34	11.12
Female	95(41.4)	30.58	10.78
Age				0.444	0.658
<60	139(60.4)	32.55	11.41
≥60	91(39.6)	31.90	10.75
Marital status				1.775	0.077
Single/divorced/  Separated/widowed	25(10.8)	28.52	10.51
Married/cohabitation	205(89.2)	32.65	11.04
Residence				0.965	0.336
Rural area	145(63.1)	31.67	10.65
Urban area	85(36.9)	33.13	11.69
Educational background				4.507	0.012
Middle school or lower	101(43.9)	30.92	9.42
High or secondary school	102(44.3)	34.42	12.05
College or above	27(11.7)	28.26	11.45
Household monthly income (yuan)				1.094	0.275
< 3000	145(63.0)	32.80	10.96
≥3000	85(37)	31.14	11.17
Job status				0.410	0.664
Retirement/unemployed	133(57.8)	32.23	10.78
Temporary workers	32(13.9)	33.64	10.35
Regular employee	65(28.2)	31.45	11.98
Smoking				3.028	0.003
Yes	118(51.3)	30.09	10.93
No	112(48.7)	34.42	10.76
Drinking alcohol				2.534	0.012
Yes	135(58.7)	30.67	10.75
No	95(41.3)	34.37	11.14
Familial inheritance				1.273	0.204
Yes	16(6.9)	32.34	11.13
No	214(93.4)	28.60	8.90
Distant metastasis				3.365	0.001
Yes	13(5.6)	42.00	14.11
No	217(94.4)	31.62	10.59

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Correlations Among PTSD, Hope and Perceived Stress

	Mean	SD	PTSD	Hope	Perceived Stress
PTSD	32.20	11.04	1
Hope	36.42	4.63	−0.628**	1
Perceived stress	16.67	4.83	0.645**	−0.363**	1

Note: **p <0.01.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analysis Results

Variables	Step 1		Step 2		Step 3
	β	P-value	β	P-value	β	P-value
Control variables
Edu-1	−0.176	0.010	−0.063	0.219	−0.054	0.260
Edu-2	−0.124	0.065	−0.022	0.673	0.061	0.951
Smoking	0.097	0.245	0.103	0.100	0.084	0.153
Drinking alcohol	0.090	0.275	0.173	0.006	0.149	0.011
Distant metastasis	0.201	0.002	0.136	0.005	0.080	0.087
Perceived stress			0.659	<0.000	0.477	<0.000
Hope					−0.309	<0.000
F	5.632**		38.025***		41.464***
R^Citation2	0.112		0.506		0.567
Adjusted R^2	0.092		0.492		0.553
R^Citation2-change	0.112		0.394		0.061

Notes: Edu-1 means “middle school or lower” vs “college or above”; Edu-2 means “high or secondary school” vs “college or above”; **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.

Figure 2 Model of the mediation of hope on the association between perceived stress and PTSD. c: total effect of perceived stress on PTSD symptoms (c = 1.53, p < 0.01); a: association of perceived stress with hope (a = −0.58, p < 0.01); b: association between hope and PTSD symptoms after controlling for the covariate (b = −0.80, p < 0.01); c’: direct effect of perceived stress on PTSD symptoms after adding hope ad mediator (c’ = 1.06, p < 0.01). Educational level, smoking, drinking alcohol, familial inheritance and distant metastasis were covariates.

Montero PH, Patel SG. Cancer of the oral cavity. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2015;24(3):491–508. doi:10.1016/j.soc.2015.03.00625979396

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