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Review

Combined Treatment of Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy for Urological Malignancies: Current Evidence and Clinical Considerations

, , , , , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 1719-1731 | Published online: 24 Feb 2021

Figures & data

Figure 1 (A) Radiation induces changes to the tumor cell phenotype and release of cytokines; (B) HMGB1 activate dendritic cells by binding to Toll-like receptors; (C) The migration of dendritic cells to regional lymph nodes and the subsequent T-cell activation and proliferation. TLR, Toll-like receptors; TCR, T cell receptor.

Figure 1 (A) Radiation induces changes to the tumor cell phenotype and release of cytokines; (B) HMGB1 activate dendritic cells by binding to Toll-like receptors; (C) The migration of dendritic cells to regional lymph nodes and the subsequent T-cell activation and proliferation. TLR, Toll-like receptors; TCR, T cell receptor.

Table 1 Clinical Trials Combining Immunotherapy with Radiotherapy in Prostate Cancer

Table 2 Clinical Trials Combining Immunotherapy with Radiotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Table 3 Clinical Trials Combining Immunotherapy with Radiotherapy in Urothelial Carcinoma