Cervical Lymph Node Metastases from Central Nervous System Tumors: A Systematic Review

Figures & data

Table 1 Literature Review of Studies Reporting Cervical LNM from CNS Tumors

Histology	Number of Cases	References	Mean Age Years (Range)	Gender	Other Site Metastasis (More Frequent)
Glioblastoma	75	[^Citation12,Citation13,Citation24,Citation35,Citation46,Citation56,Citation60^–^Citation113,Citation120,Citation131,Citation142]	37.2 (4–75)	24 F 49 M 2 NA	17 Bones 12 Lungs 9 Parotid 9 Other lymph nodes 5 Liver 2 Kidney 2 Scalp
Medulloblastoma	27	[^Citation8,Citation114^–^Citation119,Citation121^–^Citation130,Citation132^–^Citation135]	8.9 (0.6–31)	10 F 16 M 1 NA	10 Bones 3 Lungs 3 Other lymph nodes 1 Liver 2 Skin 1 Spine
Meningioma	21	[^Citation136^–^Citation141,Citation143^–^Citation152]	45.7 (5–87)	7 F 14 M	1 Bones 3 Lungs 2 Parotid 1 Scalp 3 Spine
Pituitary carcinoma	13	[^Citation14^–^Citation23,Citation25]	48 (16–69)	7 F 5 M 1 NA	1 Parotid 2 Liver 1 Spine 1 Spleen 1 Meninges
Oligodendroglioma	12	[^Citation26^–^Citation34]	37.8 (12–54)	6 F 3 M 3 NA	8 Bones 4 Other lymph nodes 3 Scalp 1 Spine 1 Vertebrae
Ependymoma	10	[^Citation36^–^Citation44]	16.8 (6.7–30)	6 F 4 M	3 Bones 3 Parotid 1 Other lymph nodes 3 Scalp 1 Vertebrae 1 Skull
Astrocytoma	7	[^Citation45,Citation47^–^Citation50,Citation61,Citation163]	18.5 (3–42)	1 F 5 M 1 NA	1 Bones 1 Lung 2 Pleura 2 Other lymph nodes 1 Vertebrae 1 Skull
Intracranial hemangiopericytoma	3	[^Citation51,Citation52]	47	1 M 2 NA	1 Spine
Others	6	[^Citation53^–^Citation55,Citation57^–^Citation59]	9.6 (0.1–17)	6 M	1 Lung 1 Liver 1 Skin
Total	174 cases		31.9 (0.1–87)	61 F 103 M 10 NA	40 Bones 20 Lungs 19 Other lymph nodes 15 Parotid 9 Liver 8 Scalp 7 Spine 3 Vertebrae 3 Skin 2 Skull 2 Kidney 2 Pleura 1 Meninges 1 Spleen

Abbreviations: F, Female; M, Male; NA, Not available.

Figure 1 Flow chart showing the study selection process for our systematic review.

Figure 2 Male, 60 years old, cervical lymph node metastases (arrows) from a GBM. MRI axial T2-weighted sequences (A and E), MRI axial contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sequences (B and F), CT scans axial plane (C and G) and Fused Positron Emission Tomography- Computed Tomography axial plane (D and H). Observe the lymph nodes (arrows) in the right IIB (A–C) and V right level (E–G). Also, notice the increased uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in those lymph nodes (arrows in (D) and (H)).

Figure 3 Microphotograph demonstrating an anaplastic ependymoma within a cervical lymph node. (Hematoxylin and Eosin, X200).

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