Pandemic-Induced Depression Among Older Adults with a History of Cancer During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of CLSA Respondents with a History of Cancer (n=2486) by Pre-Pandemic History of Depression

	Overall Sample of Respondents with Cancer History (n=2486)	Respondents with Cancer History and No Pre-Pandemic History of Depression (n=1765)	Respondents with Cancer History and a Pre-Pandemic History of Depression (n=721)	p-value	Source of Data
Age (Mean, SD)	72.87 (8.76)	73.24 (8.74)	71.98 (8.76)	0.001	CLSA Autumn 2020
Sex				<0.001	CLSA Baseline
Female	1287 (51.8%)	817 (46.3%)	470 (65.2%)
Male	1199 (48.2%)	948 (53.7%)	251 (34.8%)
Marital status				<0.001	CLSA Follow-up 1
Married/Common-law	1738 (69.9%)	1321 (74.8%)	417 (57.8%)
Separated/Divorced/Widowed	566 (22.8%)	341 (19.3%)	225 (31.2%)
Single	182 (7.3%)	103 (5.8%)	79 (11.0%)
Immigrant status				0.47	CLSA Baseline
No	2049 (82.4%)	1448 (82.0%)	601 (83.4%)
Yes	437 (17.6%)	317 (18.0%)	120 (16.6%)
Visible minority status				1.00	CLSA Baseline
No	2423 (97.8%)	1727 (97.8%)	705 (97.8%)
Yes	54 (2.2%)	38 (2.2%)	16 (2.2%)
Education				0.039	CLSA Baseline
Less than secondary school	120 (4.8%)	73 (4.1%)	47 (6.5%)
Some post-secondary school	390 (15.7%)	282 (16.0%)	108 (15.0%)
Post-secondary degree/diploma	1976 (79.5%)	1410 (79.9%)	566 (78.5%)
Household income				<0.001	CLSA Follow-up 1
Less than $50,000	579 (23.3%)	344 (19.5%)	235 (32.6%)
$50,000–$99,999	950 (38.2%)	683 (38.7%)	267 (37.0%)
$100,000 or more	832 (33.5%)	647 (36.7%)	185 (25.7%)
Missing	125 (5.0%)	91 (5.2%)	34 (4.7%)
House ownership				<0.001	CLSA Follow-up 1
Rent	343 (13.8%)	199 (11.3%)	144 (20.0%)
Own with mortgage	506 (20.4%)	316 (17.9%)	190 (26.4%)
Own without mortgage	1595 (64.2%)	1227 (69.5%)	368 (51.0%)
Missing	42 (1.7%)	23 (1.3%)	19 (2.6%)
Total saving				<0.001	CLSA Follow-up 1
Less than $50,000	358 (14.4%)	189 (10.7%)	169 (23.4%)
$50,000–$99,999	317 (12.8%)	231 (13.1%)	86 (11.9%)
$100,000 or more	1601 (64.4%)	1207 (68.4%)	394 (54.6%)
Missing	210 (8.4%)	138 (7.8%)	72 (10.0%)
Whether income satisfies needs				<0.001	CLSA Baseline
No	165 (6.6%)	67 (3.8%)	98 (13.6%)
Yes	2321 (93.4%)	1698 (96.2%)	623 (86.4%)
BMI				<0.001	CLSA Follow-up 1
Underweight or normal weight	738 (29.7%)	569 (32.2%)	169 (23.4%)
Overweight	1037 (41.7%)	749 (42.4%)	288 (39.9%)
Obese	711 (28.6%)	447 (25.3%)	264 (36.6%)
Chronic pain				<0.001	CLSA Follow-up 1
No	1662 (66.9%)	1273 (72.1%)	389 (54.0%)
Yes	824 (33.1%)	492 (27.9%)	332 (46.0%)
Multimorbidity				<0.001	CLSA Follow-up 1
0	814 (32.7%)	645 (36.5%)	169 (23.4%)
1	753 (30.3%)	545 (30.9%)	208 (28.8%)
2	460 (18.5%)	296 (16.8%)	164 (22.7%)
3+	371 (14.9%)	216 (12.2%)	155 (21.5%)
Missing	88 (3.5%)	63 (3.6%)	25 (3.5%)	<0.001
Feel that lack companionship					CLSA Follow-up 1
No	2377 (95.6%)	1725 (97.7%)	652 (90.4%)
Yes	109 (4.4%)	40 (2.3%)	69 (9.6%)
Feel left out				<0.001	CLSA Follow-up 1
No	2430 (97.7%)	1748 (99.0%)	682 (94.6%)
Yes	56 (2.3%)	17 (1.0%)	39 (5.4%)
Feel isolated from others				<0.001	CLSA Follow-up 1
No	2444 (98.3%)	1753 (99.3%)	691 (95.8%)
Yes	42 (1.7%)	12 (0.7%)	30 (4.2%)
Church or religious activities				0.80	CLSA Follow-up 1
Rarely	1644 (66.1%)	1164 (65.9%)	480 (66.6%)
Often	842 (33.9%)	601 (34.1%)	241 (33.4%)
Religious activities at home				0.038	CLSA Follow-up 1
Rarely	1186 (47.7%)	866 (49.1%)	320 (44.4%)
Often	1300 (52.3%)	899 (50.9%)	401 (55.6%)
Adverse childhood experience (Mean, SD)	0.21 (0.55)	0.16 (0.47)	0.33 (0.69)	<0.001	CLSA Follow-up 1
Left home in the past one month during COVID				0.022	CLSA Spring 2020
No	189 (7.6%)	120 (6.8%)	69 (9.6%)
Yes	2297 (92.4%)	1645 (93.2%)	652 (90.4%)
How often do you feel lonely during COVID				<0.001	CLSA Spring 2020
Rarely or never/Some of the time	2098 (84.4%)	1559 (88.3%)	539 (74.8%)
Occasionally/All of the time	388 (15.6%)	206 (11.7%)	182 (25.2%)
Type of dwelling				<0.001	CLSA Spring 2020
House	1841 (74.1%)	1349 (76.4%)	492 (68.2%)
Apartment	556 (22.4%)	367 (20.8%)	189 (26.2%)
Others	89 (3.6%)	49 (2.8%)	40 (5.5%)
Living alone during the COVID-19 pandemic				<0.001	CLSA Spring 2020
No	1798 (72.3%)	1342 (76.0%)	456 (63.2%)
Yes	688 (27.7%)	423 (24.0%)	265 (36.8%)
Functional limitation				<0.001	CLSA Autumn 2020
No	1797 (72.3%)	1357 (76.9%)	440 (61.0%)
Yes	689 (27.7%)	408 (23.1%)	281 (39.0%)
COVID _ Infected					CLSA Autumn 2020
No	1615 (65.0%)	1192 (67.5%)	423 (58.7%)	<0.001
Yes	871 (35.0%)	573 (32.5%)	298 (41.3%)
COVID _ Income				<0.001	CLSA Autumn 2020
No	2153 (86.6%)	1561 (88.4%)	592 (82.1%)
Yes	333 (13.4%)	204 (11.6%)	129 (17.9%)
COVID _ Family conflict				<0.001	CLSA Autumn 2020
No	2269 (91.3%)	1659 (94.0%)	610 (84.6%)
Yes	217 (8.7%)	106 (6.0%)	111 (15.4%)
COVID _ Other family Issues				0.16	CLSA Autumn 2020
No	1031 (41.5%)	748 (42.4%)	283 (39.3%)
Yes	1455 (58.5%)	1017 (57.6%)	438 (60.7%)
COVID _ Health care				<0.001	CLSA Autumn 2020
No	1878 (75.5%)	1374 (77.8%)	504 (69.9%)
Yes	608 (24.5%)	391 (22.2%)	217 (30.1%)
COVID _ Medications				0.08	CLSA Autumn 2020
No	2356 (94.8%)	1682 (95.3%)	674 (93.5%)
Yes	130 (5.2%)	83 (4.7%)	47 (6.5%)

Table 2 Profile of CLSA Participants with Cancer According to their Pre-Pandemic History of Depression and their Depression Status in Autumn 2020.

	Respondents with Cancer History and No History of Depression Who Did Not Develop Depression (n=1, 556)	Respondents with Cancer History and No History of Depression Who Developed Depression (n=209)	p-value	Respondents with Cancer History and a History of Depression Who Did Not Develop Depression (n=390)	Respondents with Cancer History And a History of Depression Who Developed Depression (n=331)	p-value
History of depression prior to pandemic
No history of depression	1556 (88.2%)	209 (11.8%)	<0.001
Any history of depression				390 (54.1%)	331 (45.8%)	<0.001
Reported diagnosed by a health professional but not depressed at Baseline or Follow-up 1				203 (77.2%)	60 (22.8%)
Depressed at Baseline only				82 (50.6%)	80 (49.4%)
Depressed at Follow-up 1 only				72 (46.5%)	83 (53.5%)
Depressed at Baseline and Follow-up 1				33 (23.4%)	108 (76.6%)
Age	73.18 (8.60)	73.67 (9.70)	0.45	71.88 (8.63)	72.10 (8.92)	0.74
Sex			0.006			0.67
Female	701 (85.8%)	116 (14.2%)		251 (53.4%)	219 (46.6%)
Male	855 (90.2%)	93 (9.8%)		139 (55.4%)	112 (44.6%)
Marital status			0.49			0.29
Married/Common-law	1168 (88.4%)	153 (11.6%)		234 (56.1%)	183 (43.9%)
Separated/Divorced/Widowed	301 (88.3%)	40 (11.7%)		112 (49.8%)	113 (50.2%)
Single	87 (84.5%)	16 (15.5%)		44 (55.7%)	35 (44.3%)
Immigrant status			0.12			0.78
No	1268 (87.6%)	180 (12.4%)		327 (54.4%)	274 (45.6%)
Yes	288 (90.9%)	29 (9.1%)		63 (52.5%)	57 (47.5%)
Visible minority status			0.61			0.67
No	1521 (88.1%)	206 (11.9%)		380 (53.9%)	325 (46.1%)
Yes	–	–		10 (62.5%)	6 (37.5%)
Education			0.99			0.56
Less than secondary school	64 (87.7%)	9 (12.3%)		29 (61.7%)	18 (38.3%)
Secondary and some post-secondary	249 (88.3%)	33 (11.7%)		58 (53.7%)	50 (46.3%)
Post-secondary degree/diploma	1243 (88.2%)	167 (11.8%)		303 (53.5%)	263 (46.5%)
Household income			0.58			0.14
Less than $50,000	301 (87.5%)	43 (12.5%)		118 (50.2%)	117 (49.8%)
$50,000–$99,999	596 (87.3%)	87 (12.7%)		146 (54.7%)	121 (45.3%)
$100,000 or more	576 (89.0%)	71 (11.0%)		111 (60.0%)	74 (40.0%)
Missing	83 (91.2%)	8 (8.8%)		15 (44.1%)	19 (55.9%)
House ownership			0.25			0.054
Rent	168 (84.4%)	31 (15.6%)		77 (53.5%)	67 (46.5%)
Own with mortgage	275 (87.0%)	41 (13.0%)		94 (49.5%)	96 (50.5%)
Own without mortgage	1093 (89.1%)	134 (10.9%)		213 (57.9%)	155 (42.1%)
Missing	–	–		6 (31.6%)	13 (68.4%)
Total savings			0.22			0.08
Less than $50,000	162 (85.7%)	27 (14.3%)		82 (48.5%)	87 (51.5%)
$50,000–$99,999	197 (85.3%)	34 (14.7%)		41 (47.7%)	45 (52.3%)
$100,000 or more	1077 (89.2%)	130 (10.8%)		230 (58.4%)	164 (41.6%)
Missing	120 (87.0%)	18 (13.0%)		37 (51.4%)	35 (48.6%)
Whether income satisfies needs			0.17			<0.001
No	55 (82.1%)	12 (17.9%)		31 (31.6%)	67 (68.4%)
Yes	1501 (88.4%)	197 (11.6%)		359 (57.6%)	264 (42.4%)
BMI			0.66			0.72
Underweight or normal weight	502 (88.2%)	67 (11.8%)		90 (53.3%)	79 (46.7%)
Overweight	665 (88.8%)	84 (11.2%)		161 (55.9%)	127 (44.1%)
Obese	389 (87.0%)	58 (13.0%)		139 (52.7%)	125 (47.3%)
Chronic pain			0.012			<0.001
No	1138 (89.4%)	135 (10.6%)		237 (60.9%)	152 (39.1%)
Yes	418 (85.0%)	74 (15.0%)		153 (46.1%)	179 (53.9%)
Multimorbidity			0.328			0.003
0	579 (89.8%)	66 (10.2%)		107 (63.3%)	62 (36.7%)
1	483 (88.6%)	62 (11.4%)		122 (58.7%)	86 (41.3%)
2	254 (85.8%)	42 (14.2%)		81 (49.4%)	83 (50.6%)
3+	185 (85.6%)	31 (14.4%)		67 (43.2%)	88 (56.8%)
Missing	55 (87.3%)	8 (12.7%)		13 (52.0%)	12 (48.0%)
Feel that lack companionship			0.71			0.025
No	1522 (88.2%)	203 (11.8%)		362 (35.5%)	290 (44.5%)
Yes	34 (8.5%)	6 (15.0%)		28 (40.6%)	41 (59.4%)
Feel left out			0.71			0.029
No	1542 (88.2%)	206 (11.8%)		376 (55.1%)	306 (44.9%)
Yes	–	–		14 (35.9%)	25 (64.1%)
Feel isolated from others			1.00			<0.001
No	1545 (88.1%)	208 (11.9%)		384 (55.6%)	307 (44.4%)
Yes	–	–		6 (20.0%)	24 (80.0%)
Church or religious activities			0.18			0.51
Rarely	1107 (87.4%)	147 (12.6%)		255 (53.1%)	225 (46.9%)
Often	539 (89.7%)	62 (10.3%)		135 (56.0%)	106 (44.0%)
Religious activities at home			0.10			0.15
Rarely	775 (89.5%)	91 (10.5%)		163 (50.9%)	157 (49.1%)
Often	781 (86.9%)	118 (13.1%)		227 (56.6%)	174 (43.4%)
Adverse childhood experience	0.16 (0.47)	0.17 (0.44)	0.84	0.28 (0.67)	0.38 (0.71)	0.05
Left home in the past one month during COVID			0.50			0.64
No	103 (85.8%)	17 (14.2%)		35 (50.7%)	34 (49.3%)
Yes	1453 (88.3%)	192 (11.7%)		355 (54.4%)	297 (45.6%)
How often do you feel lonely during COVID			<0.001			<0.001
Rarely or never/Some of the time	1415 (90.8%)	144 (9.2%)		336 (62.3%)	203 (37.7%)
Occasionally/All of the time	141 (68.4%)	65 (31.6%)		54 (29.7%)	128 (70.3%)
Type of dwelling			0.02			0.34
House	1204 (89.3%)	145 (10.7%)		275 (55.9%)	217 (44.1%)
Apartment	313 (85.3%)	54 (14.7%)		96 (50.8%)	93 (49.2%)
Others	39 (79.6%)	10 (20.4%)		19 (47.5%)	21 (52.5%)
Living alone during the COVID-19 pandemic			0.10			0.009
No	1193 (88.9%)	149 (11.1%)		264 (57.9%)	192 (42.1%)
Yes	363 (85.8%)	60 (14.2%)		126 (47.5%)	139 (52.5%)
Functional limitation			<0.001			<0.001
No	1238 (91.2%)	119 (8.8%)		278 (63.2%)	162 (36.8%)
Yes	318 (77.9%)	90 (22.1%)		112 (39.9%)	169 (60.1%)
COVID _ Infected			<0.001			0.026
No	1087 (91.2%)	105 (8.8%)		244 (57.7%)	179 (42.3%)
Yes	469 (81.8%)	104 (18.2%)		146 (49.0%)	152 (51.0%)
COVID _ Income			<0.001			0.010
No	1393 (89.2%)	168 (10.8%)		334 (56.4%)	258 (43.6%)
Yes	163 (79.9%)	41 (20.1%)		56 (43.4%)	73 (56.6%)
COVID _ Family conflict			<0.001			<0.001
No	1489 (89.8%)	170 (10.2%)		362 (59.3%)	248 (40.7%)
Yes	67 (63.2%)	39 (36.8%)		28 (25.2%)	83 (74.8%)
COVID _ Other family Issues			<0.001			0.008
No	684 (91.4%)	64 (8.6%)		172 (60.4%)	112 (39.6%)
Yes	872 (85.7%)	145 (14.3%)		219 (50.0%)	219 (50.0%)
COVID _ Health care			0.001			<0.001
No	1230 (89.5%)	144 (10.5%)		295 (58.5%)	209 (41.5%)
Yes	326 (83.4%)	65 (16.6%)		95 (43.8%)	122 (56.2%)
COVID _ Medications			0.20			0.07
No	1487 (88.4%)	195 (11.6%)		371 (55.0%)	303 (45.0%)
Yes	69 (83.1%)	14 (16.9%)		19 (40.4%)	28 (59.6%)

Notes: In rows where any cell size is less than 5, we have omitted reporting the data. This decision is in accordance with the CLSA’s minimum cell size requirements for reporting.

Table 3 Logistic Regression Results for Incident Depression During Autumn 2020 Among Respondents with a History of Cancer and No Pre-Pandemic History of Depression (n=1765)

	Adjusted Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	p-value
Age	1.01	[0.99;1.04]	0.26
Sex
Male (ref.)
Female	1.46*	[1.02;2.08]	0.039
Marital status
Married/Common-law (ref.)
Separated/Divorced/Widowed	0.80	[0.44;1.45]	0.46
Single	1.06	[0.49;2.31]	0.88
Immigrant status
No (ref.)
Yes	0.69	[0.43;1.09]	0.11
Visible minority status
No (ref.)
Yes	0.55	[0.14;2.16]	0.39
Education
Less than secondary school (ref.)
Secondary and some post-secondary	1.27	[0.51;3.15]	0.60
Post-secondary degree/diploma	1.42	[0.61;3.31]	0.42
Household income
Less than $50,000 (ref.)
$50,000–$99,999	1.23	[0.74;2.04]	0.43
$100,000 or more	1.18	[0.67;2.09]	0.56
Missing	0.75	[0.30;1.91]	0.55
Dwelling ownership
Rent (ref.)
Own with mortgage	1.15	[0.59;2.22]	0.68
Own without mortgage	0.93	[0.52;1.66]	0.80
Missing	1.15	[0.26;5.13]	0.85
Total saving
Less than $50,000 (ref.)
$50,000–$99,999	1.06	[0.56;2.04]	0.85
$100,000 or more	0.93	[0.52;1.67]	0.82
Missing	1.25	[0.57;2.77]	0.58
Whether income satisfies needs
No	1.00	[0.45;2.23]	0.99
Yes (ref.)
BMI
Underweight or normal weight (ref.)
Overweight	0.89	[0.61;1.31]	0.56
Obese	0.78	[0.51;1.21]	0.28
Chronic pain
No (ref.)
Yes	0.97	[0.68;1.38]	0.86
Multimorbidity
0 (ref.)
1	0.93	[0.62;1.40]	0.72
2	0.94	[0.59;1.52]	0.81
3+	1.06	[0.62;1.81]	0.82
Missing	1.08	[0.44;2.63]	0.87
Feel that lack companionship
No (ref.)
Yes	1.18	[0.34;4.02]	0.80
Feel left out
No (ref.)
Yes	0.80	[0.14;4.47]	0.80
Feel isolated from others
No (ref.)
Yes	0.42	[0.03;5.42]	0.51
Church or religious activities
Rarely	1.79**	[1.17;2.74]	0.007
Often (ref.)
Religious activities at home
Rarely	0.73	[0.49;1.08]	0.12
Often (ref.)
ACE	0.90	[0.63;1.29]	0.58
Left home in the past one month during COVID
No (ref.)
Yes	1.01	[0.54;1.91]	0.97
How often do you feel lonely during COVID
Rarely or never/Some of the time (ref.)
Occasionally/All of the time	4.40***	[2.91;6.63]	<0.001
Type of dwelling
House (ref.)
Apartment	1.35	[0.88;2.09]	0.17
Others	1.46	[0.58;3.66]	0.43
Living alone during the COVID-19 pandemic
No (ref.)
Yes	0.69	[0.49;1.20]	0.19
Functional limitation scale
No (ref.)
Yes	3.08***	[2.11;4.48]	<0.001
COVID _ Infected
No (ref.)
Yes	2.24***	[1.61;3.11]	<0.001
COVID _ Income
No (ref.)
Yes	1.81**	[1.15;2.83]	0.01
COVID _ Family conflict
No (ref.)
Yes	4.19***	[2.54;6.90]	<0.001
COVID _ Other family Issues
No (ref.)
Yes	1.41	[0.98;2.01]	0.06
COVID _ Health care
No (ref.)
Yes	1.29	[0.88;1.88]	0.19
COVID _ Medications
No (ref.)
Yes	1.21	[0.61;2.41]	0.59
Likelihood ratio test statistic	219.099***
Nagelkerke R square	0.226

Notes: *p<0.05. **p<0.01. ***p<0.001.

Table 4 Logistic Regression Results for Depression During Autumn 2020 Among Respondents with a History of Cancer and a Pre-Pandemic History of Depression (n=721)

	Adjusted Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	p-value
Age	0.99	[0.97;1.02]	0.65
Sex
Male (ref.)
Female	0.82	[0.56;1.21]	0.32
Marital status
Married/Common-law (ref.)
Separated/Divorced/Widowed	0.82	[0.47;1.44]	0.48
Single	0.60	[0.30;1.22]	0.16
Immigrant status
No (ref.)
Yes	1.05	[0.66;1.68]	0.83
Visible minority status
No (ref.)
Yes	0.55	[0.16;1.90]	0.35
Education
Less than secondary school (ref.)
Secondary and some post-secondary	1.47	[0.61;3.53]	0.39
Post-secondary degree/diploma	1.61	[0.73;3.57]	0.24
Household income
Less than $50,000 (ref.)
$50,000–$99,999	1.09	[0.68;1.77]	0.71
$100,000 or more	0.99	[0.56;1.75]	0.98
Missing	1.51	[0.61;3.75]	0.38
Dwelling ownership
Rent (ref.)
Own with mortgage	1.75	[0.93;3.30]	0.085
Own without mortgage	1.32	[0.72;2.42]	0.36
Missing	3.16	[0.88;11.27]	0.077
Total saving
Less than $50,000 (ref.)
$50,000–$99,999	1.04	[0.54;1.98]	0.91
$100,000 or more	0.83	[0.50;1.39]	0.49
Missing	0.98	[0.48;2.01]	0.96
Whether income satisfies needs
No	2.86***	[1.63;5.01]	<0.001
Yes (ref.)
BMI
Underweight or normal weight (ref.)
Overweight	0.72	[0.46;1.15]	0.17
Obese	0.64	[0.40;1.05]	0.076
Chronic pain
No (ref.)
Yes	1.28	[0.89;1.86]	0.18
Multimorbidity
0 (ref.)
1	0.89	[0.55;1.44]	0.63
2	1.44	[0.86;2.40]	0.16
3+	1.31	[0.77;2.24]	0.32
Missing	1.05	[0.40;2.75]	0.92
Feel that lack companionship
No (ref.)
Yes	0.88	[0.43;1.81]	0.73
Feel left out
No (ref.)
Yes	0.69	[0.21;2.24]	0.53
Feel isolated from others
No (ref.)
Yes	5.02*	[1.27;9.83]	0.02
Church or religious activities
Rarely	0.95	[0.61;1.47]	0.82
Often (ref.)
Religious activities at home
Rarely	1.43	[0.95;2.15]	0.084
Often (ref.)
ACE	1.06	[0.82;1.38]	0.66
Left home in the past one month during COVID
No (ref.)
Yes	0.84	[0.45;1.57]	0.59
How often do you feel lonely during COVID
Rarely or never/Some of the time (ref.)
Occasionally/All of the time	3.42***	[2.23;5.25]	<0.001
Type of dwelling
House (ref.)
Apartment	1.20	[0.75;1.94]	0.45
Others	1.47	[0.61;3.54]	0.39
Living alone during the COVID-19 pandemic
No (ref.)
Yes	1.50	[0.86;2.63]	0.16
Functional limitation scale
No (ref.)
Yes	2.17***	[1.47;3.21]	<0.001
COVID _ Infected
No (ref.)
Yes	1.14	[0.79;1.64]	0.48
COVID _ Income
No (ref.)
Yes	0.99	[0.61;1.60]	0.97
COVID _ Family conflict
No (ref.)
Yes	4.48***	[2.68;7.49]	<0.001
COVID _ Other family Issues
No (ref.)
Yes	1.16	[0.81;1.67]	0.43
COVID _ Health care
No (ref.)
Yes	1.16	[0.78;1.72]	0.46
COVID _ Medications
No (ref.)
Yes	1.06	[0.49;2.32]	0.88
Likelihood ratio test statistic	188.334***
Nagelkerke R square	0.307

Notes: *p<0.05. ***p<0.001.

Table 5 Sensitivity Analysis of CLSA Respondents with Cancer Compared to Respondents Without Any Serious Health Conditions with Respect to Incident and Recurrent Depression During the Follow-up 1 Wave of Data Collection and During the Autumn 2020 Wave of Data Collection

	The Incidence of New Depression at Follow-Up 1	The Recurrence of Depression at Follow-Up 1	The Incidence of New Depression During the Autumn 2020	The Recurrence of Depression During the Autumn 2020
Individuals with a history cancer	5.9% with 95% CI [4.7%, 7.1%]	31.3% with 95% CI [27.0%, 35.6%]	11.8% with 95% CI [10.3%, 13.3%]	45.8% with 95% CI [42.2%, 49.5%]
Individuals without any serious health conditions	4.3% with 95% CI [3.8%, 4.8%]	24.5%with 95% CI [22.2%, 26.9%]	11.3% with 95% CI [10.4%, 12.2%]	39.7% with 95% CI [37.0%, 42.4%]
p-value	0.009	0.005	0.57	0.003