Recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of cognitive and psychiatric disorders in patients with COPD

Figures & data

Table 1 Classification of disorders of cognition, mood, and anxiety relevant to COPD

Cognitive disorders	Mood disorders	Anxiety disorders
Delirium	Major depressive disorder (depressed mood and loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities + 3 additional somatic or psychological symptoms on most days for 2 weeks or longer)	Generalized anxiety disorder (fear: uncertainty)
Dementia	Bipolar disorder (manic episodes intermittent with depressive episodes)	Panic disorder (fear: somatic and psychological symptoms of anxiety)
Amnesia	Dysthymia (chronic depression intermittent with stable mood for no more than 2 months at a time)	Obsessive–compulsive disorder (fear: multiple; commonly contamination, committing violence, forgetting)
Mild cognitive impairment		Social anxiety disorder (fear: social criticism, judgment, and rejection) Post-traumatic stress disorder (fear: re-exposure to the traumatic event) Specific phobia (fear: multiple depending on phobia; commonly animals, heights, needles/blood)

Figure 1 Contributing factors to cognitive deficits in patients with COPD.^a

Note: ^aCause–effect relationships between the contributing factors, cognitive defects, and COPD are not implied.