The recent advances of phenotypes in acute exacerbations of COPD

Figures & data

Table 1 Search strategy

PubMed strategy
Step	Search terms
#1	“Acute exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease” [Mesh]
#2	“Exacerbation of COPD” [Mesh]
#3	#1 OR #2
#4	Phenotype[Text Word] OR subgroups[Text Word]OR heterogeneity[Text Word] OR different characteristic [Text Word]
#5	#3 AND #4

Table 2 The factors related to the frequency of exacerbations

Author	Populations	Year	Location	The severity of COPD	Duration	Outcome	Definition of exacerbations
Lin et al^Citation84	215 patients with COPD	2011	Taibei, Taiwan	Stages II to IV	3 years	MBL deficiency increases the risk of recurrent infective exacerbation	A change in the patient’s baseline dyspnea, cough, and/or sputum
Foreman et al^Citation85	389 non-Hispanic white participants with COPD	2008	USA	Stages III to IV	9 years (postmortem analysis of NETT)	Variants in surfactant protein B are associated with COPD susceptibility and COPD exacerbation frequency	COPD-related emergency room visits or hospitalizations
Hurst et al^Citation70	2,138 patients with COPD	2010	Multicentral	Stages II to IV	3 years (postmortem analysis of ECLIPSE)	The severity of COPD, a history of gastroesophageal reflux or heartburn, poorer quality of life, and elevated white-cell count were independently associated with the frequency of exacerbations	Events led a care provider to prescribe antibiotics or corticosteroids (or both) or hospitalization
Wells et al^Citation86	3,690 COPD patients	2012	21 clinical centers in USA	Stages II to IV	3 years	Ratio of the diameter of the pulmonary artery to the diameter of the aorta >1 would be associated with severe COPD exacerbations	Severe exacerbation: increased dyspnea, cough, or sputum production or required admission. Mild-to-moderate: treated with antibiotics or systemic glucocorticoids in the outpatient setting or during an emergency room visit
Sarinc Ulasli et al^Citation87	128 patients of COPD	2013	Turkey	Stages I to II	1 year	Thyroid function has an effect in exacerbation frequency of COPD	Worsening symptoms and leading to an increase in the use of maintenance medications
Huerta et al^Citation88	209 patients with COPD	2015	UK	Stages II to IV	8 years	Upper airway symptoms increasing over time in patients with COPD are related to the frequent exacerbation phenotype	Any change in one major symptom (dyspnea, sputum purulence, sputum volume) with at least one other major or minor (nasal discharge and/or congestion, wheezing, sore throat, and cough) for 2 consecutive days
Morrow et al^Citation89	248 Caucasian COPD subjects	2015	USA	Stages III to IV	1 year	Myeloperoxidase was associated with the number of recent exacerbations	Requiring outpatient treatment with antibiotics or oral steroids or one requiring hospitalization
Oh et al^Citation90	380 COPD patients	2014	Korea	Stages I to IV	7 years	Severity of emphysema, and serum lower protein levels are the independent predictors of frequent exacerbations in COPD patients	Dyspnea, cough, or sputum requiring treatment with systemic steroids or antibiotics, a visit to the emergency room, and/or admission to a hospital
Singh et al^Citation91	215 COPD patients	2014	UK	Stages II to IV	3 years (postmortem analysis of ECLIPSE)	B3GNT, LAF4, and ARHGEF10 are associated with frequent exacerbations	Requiring oral corticosteroids and/or antibiotics or hospitalized

Abbreviations: ECLIPSE, Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints; MBL, mannose-binding lectin; NETT, National Emphysema Treatment Trial.

LinCLSiuLKLinJCMannose-binding lectin gene polymorphism contributes to recurrence of infective exacerbation in patients with COPDChest20111391435120688922

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

ForemanMGDeMeoDLHershCPPolymorphic variation in surfactant protein B is associated with COPD exacerbationsEur Respir J200832493894418550614

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HurstJRVestboJAnzuetoASusceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseN Engl J Med2010363121128113820843247

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

WellsJMWashkoGRHanMKPulmonary arterial enlargement and acute exacerbations of COPDN Engl J Med20123671091392122938715

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sarinc UlasliSBozbasSSOzenZEOzyurekBAUlubayGEffect of thyroid function on COPD exacerbation frequency: a preliminary studyMultidiscip Respir Med2013816424079533

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HuertaADonaldsonGCSinghRUpper respiratory symptoms worsen over time and relate to clinical phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAnn Am Thorac Soc2015127997100425938279

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

MorrowJDQiuWChhabraDIdentifying a gene expression signature of frequent COPD exacerbations in peripheral blood using network methodsBMC Med Genomics20158125582225

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

OhYMSheenSSParkJHEmphysematous phenotype is an independent predictor for frequent exacerbation of COPDInt J Tuberc Lung Dis201418121407141425517804

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

SinghDFoxSMTal-SingerRBatesSRileyJHCelliBAltered gene expression in blood and sputum in COPD frequent exacerbators in the ECLIPSE cohortPLoS One201499e10738125265030

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar