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Original Research

Identification of subtypes in subjects with mild-to-moderate airflow limitation and its clinical and socioeconomic implications

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 1135-1144 | Published online: 12 Apr 2017

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study flow diagram.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHI, National Health Insurance; FVC, forced vital capacity.
Figure 1 Study flow diagram.

Table 1 Epidemiological characteristics according to subtypes of subjects with mild-to-moderate airflow limitation identified by k-means clustering for k=5 clusters

Figure 2 Distribution of five clusters according to mean FEV1% predicted and amount of smoking.

Notes: (A) The graph shows the relationship between FEV1% predicted and age of each cluster. (B) The graph shows the relationship between FEV1% predicted and amount of smoking of each cluster. Sphere size represents the number of each cluster.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.
Figure 2 Distribution of five clusters according to mean FEV1% predicted and amount of smoking.

Table 2 Lung function and socioeconomic characteristics according to subtypes of subjects with mild-to-moderate airflow limitation identified by k-means clustering for k=5 clusters

Table 3 Respiratory medication prescribed according to subtypes of subjects with mild-to-moderate airflow limitation

Figure 3 Prescription patterns of respiratory medication.

Notes: (A) Distribution of subtypes of mild-to-moderate airflow limitation according to the respiratory medications. (B) Prescription patterns of inhaled medications according to the subtype of mild-to-moderate airflow limitation.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; IVCS, intravenous corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting beta-2 agonists; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonists; LTRA, leukotriene receptor antagonist; OCS, oral corticosteroids; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic antagonists; SABA, short-acting beta-2 agonists.
Figure 3 Prescription patterns of respiratory medication.

Table 4 Comorbidities according to subtypes of subjects with mild-to-moderate airflow limitation

Table 5 Insurance-related data according to subtypes of subjects with mild-to-moderate airflow limitation

Table 6 Health care utilization according to subtypes of subjects with mild-to-moderate airflow limitation

Figure 4 Proportions of subject number and medical cost of five clusters.

Notes: (A) Proportions of the number in each cluster relative to the total number of subjects. (B) Medical cost of each cluster relative to the total medical cost.

Abbreviation: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Figure 4 Proportions of subject number and medical cost of five clusters.Notes: (A) Proportions of the number in each cluster relative to the total number of subjects. (B) Medical cost of each cluster relative to the total medical cost.Abbreviation: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Figure 5 The mean ratio of medical expense to household income according to subtypes of subjects with mild-to-moderate airflow limitation.

Abbreviation: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Figure 5 The mean ratio of medical expense to household income according to subtypes of subjects with mild-to-moderate airflow limitation.