Effects of a self-management education program on self-efficacy in patients with COPD: a mixed-methods sequential explanatory designed study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Trial flow.

Abbreviations: CSES, COPD Self-efficacy Scale; SMEP, self-management education program; min, minimum; max, maximum.

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study population

	Mean (n=50)	SD	Frequency	%
Demographic characteristics
Sex
Male			37	74
Female			13	26
Age	67.9	10.2
Education level (n=42)
Illiterate (uneducated)			7	14.0
Primary level			26	52.0
Secondary level			15	30.0
Tertiary level or above			2	4.0
Smoking habit
Nonsmoker			16	32.0
Current smoker			12	24.0
Ex-smoker			22	44.0
Amount of smoking in pack years (SD)	13.2	25.7
Working status
Retired or Never work			24	48.0
Currently working			11	22.0
Unemployed			5	10.0
Lost working ability due to disease			10	20.0
Marital status
Single			3	6.0
Married			37	74.0
Divorced or widow			10	20.0
Living situation
Live alone			5	10.0
Living with partner or children			18	36.0
Living with partner and children			24	48.0
Living with relatives or friends			3	6.0
Clinical characteristics
Diagnosis
Emphysema			5	10.0
Chronic bronchitis			16	32.0
COPD			26	52.0
Others			3	6.0
COPD classification
Stage II			21	42.0
Stage III			21	42.0
Stage IV			8	16.0
Number of years of being diagnosed	8.39	8.62
Long-term treatment for respiratory condition			40	80.0
Pulmonary function
Post-BD FEV1	1.10	0.51
Post-BD FEV1% predicted	47.9	16.5
Number of concomitant diagnosis	1.18	0.98

Abbreviations: BD, bronchodilator; FEV₁, forced expir atory volume in 1 second; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 The scores of total CSES and its subgroups and baseline comparison of experimental and control groups

Subscales	Baseline			Z	P-value
	All samples (n=48)	Median (range#)
	Mean (SD)	SMG (n=25)	CG (n=23)
Negative affect	3.23 (0.63)	3.10 (2.90–3.60)	3.40 (2.60–3.90)	−0.73	0.47
Intense emotional arousal	3.30 (0.61)	3.10 (2.95–3.65)	3.40 (3.00–4.00)	−1.04	0.30
Physical exertion	2.64 (0.66)	2.80 (2.20–3.00)	2.60 (2.20–3.00)	−0.35	0.72
Response to weather/environment	3.17 (2.51)	2.80 (2.20–3.10)	3.00 (2.30–3.50)	−1.13	0.26
Behavioral risk factors	3.25 (0.76)	3.00 (3.00–3.50)	3.00 (2.50–4.00)	−0.72	0.47
Total CSES score	3.14 (0.79)	3.00 (2.70–3.35)	3.30 (2.60–3.60)	−0.86	0.39

Notes: SMG refers to self-management group (experimental group); CG refers to control group; higher score means higher self-efficacy;

# Interquartile range.

Abbreviations: CSES, COPD Self-efficacy Scale; SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Comparison of mean differences in self-efficacy scores between baseline and post-test follow-up assessment

Subscales	SMG, median (range #)		Paired difference	Z	CG, median (range #)		Paired difference	Z
	T0 (n=25)	T2 (n=23)	Mean	P-value	Mean	T2 (n=18)	Mean	P-value
Negative affect	3.10 (2.90–3.60)	3.55 (3.10–4.00)	0.25	−1.81 (0.07)	3.40 (2.60–3.90)	3.60 (3.23–4.00)	0.19	−1.60 (0.11)
Intense emotional arousal	3.10 (2.95–3.65)	3.70 (3.10–4.10)	0.38	−2.54 (0.01)*	3.40 (3.00–4.00)	3.75 (3.00–4.03)	0.08	−0.71 (0.48)
Physical exertion	2.80 (2.20–3.00)	3.00 (2.20–4.00)	0.48	−2.57 (0.01)*	2.60 (2.20–3.00)	2.80 (2.55–3.40)	0.13	−0.83 (0.41)
Response to weather/environment	2.80 (2.20–3.10)	3.50 (2.70–4.0)	0.60	−2.63 (0.008)**	3.00 (2.30–3.50)	3.10 (2.45–3.55)	0.82	−0.36 (0.72)
Behavioral risk factors	3.00 (3.00–3.50)	3.50 (2.88–4.00)	0.23	−1.18 (0.24)	3.00 (2.50–4.00)	4.00 (3.00–4.00)	0.19	−0.63 (0.53)
Total CSES score	3.00 (2.70–3.35)	3.50 (3.00–4.00)	0.35	−2.44 (0.015)*	3.30 (2.60–3.60)	3.40 (2.90–3.73)	0.03	−1.00 (0.32)

Notes: SMG refers to self-management group (experimental group); CG refers to control group; T0 refers to baseline assessment and T2 to post-test follow-up assessment.

# Interquartile range.

* P-value <0.05;

** P-value <0.01.

Abbreviation: CSES, COPD Self-efficacy Scale.

Table 4 Pseudonyms and demographic characteristics of participants in focus groups

Focus groups	Name	Age/sex	COPD staging	Education level
1	Nick	61/M	IV	Secondary
	Amy	57/F	II	Primary
	Wilson	73/M	II	Primary
	Ivan	73/M	III	Primary
2	Lavin	63/M	III	Primary
	Leon	64/M	III	Primary
	Chris	61/M	III	Primary
	Karen	65/F	III	Primary
3	Winnie	47/F	II	Primary
	Mr Lee	63/M	IV	Secondary
	Mrs Lee*	62/M	III	Primary

Note:

* Mrs Lee is the wife of Mr Lee.

Abbreviations: M, male; F, female.