A comprehensive analysis of association of medical history with airflow limitation: a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of patients with and without AL

Characteristics	Patients without AL (n=9,589)	Patients with AL (n=2,309)	P-value
Age (years, mean ± SD)	55.34±17.64	69.06±10.53	<0.0001
Female	5,414 (56.5%)	760 (32.9%)	<0.0001
BMI (kg/m^2, mean ± SD)	22.98±3.95	22.69±3.46	<0.0001
Smoking history (pack-years)			<0.0001
0–14	6,713 (70.0%)	871 (37.7%)
15–24	787 (8.2%)	185 (8.0%)
25–49	1,298 (13.5%)	607 (26.3%)
≥50	683 (7.1%)	610 (26.4%)
Unknown	108 (1.2%)	36 (1.6%)
Medical history
Pulmonary tuberculosis	319 (3.3%)	20 (8.8%)	<0.0001
Malignant neoplasm	4,802 (50.1%)	1,262 (54.7%)	0.0001
Cancer of oropharynx and trachea	270 (2.8%)	106 (4.6%)	<0.0001
Primary lung cancer	573 (6.0%)	354 (15.3%)	<0.0001
Thyroid disease	1,643 (17.1%)	290 (12.6%)	<0.0001
Diabetes mellitus	3,944 (41.1%)	1,069 (46.3%)	<0.0001
Hyperlipidemia	1,037 (10.8%)	362 (15.7%)	<0.0001
Major depressive disorder	114 (1.2%)	25 (1.1%)	0.6700
Essential hypertension	1,270 (13.2%)	503 (21.8%)	<0.0001
Myocardial infarction	441 (4.6%)	205 (8.9%)	<0.0001
Other heart disease	938 (9.8%)	418 (18.1%)	<0.0001
Arteriosclerosis	635 (6.6%)	215 (9.3%)	<0.0001
Cerebrovascular disease	752 (7.8%)	256 (11.1%)	<0.0001
Cerebral infarction and TIA	568 (5.9%)	210 (9.1%)	<0.0001
Arterial thrombosis	977 (10.2%)	343 (14.9%)	<0.0001
Acute bronchitis	182 (1.9%)	53 (2.3%)	0.2180
Pneumonia	671 (7.0%)	253 (11.0%)	<0.0001
Liver disease	1,992 (20.8%)	559 (24.2%)	0.0003
Rheumatoid arthritis	620 (6.5%)	127 (5.5%)	0.0860
Gout	77 (0.8%)	29 (1.3%)	0.0376
Osteoporosis	365 (3.8%)	82 (3.6%)	0.5627
Kidney disease	1,707 (17.8%)	491 (21.3%)	0.0001

Note: Data are numbers of individuals (%) unless otherwise stated.

Abbreviations: AL, airflow limitation; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; TIA, transient cerebral ischemic attack.

Table 2 Association between presence of AL and medical history

Explanatory variable	Unadjusted		Adjusteda
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Sex
Female	0.38 (0.34–0.42)	<0.0001	0.59 (0.52–0.67)	<0.0001
Male	Reference		Reference
Age (10-year age increase)	1.95 (1.87–2.03)	<0.0001	1.99 (1.90–2.09)	<0.0001
BMI (1 kg/m^2 increase)	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	0.0006	0.96 (0.95–0.98)	<0.0001
Smoking history (pack-years)
0–14	Reference		Reference
15–24	1.81 (1.52–2.16)	<0.0001	1.78 (1.46–2.17)	<0.0001
25–49	3.60 (3.20–4.06)	<0.0001	2.60 (2.24–3.00)	<0.0001
≥50	6.88 (6.04–7.84)	<0.0001	3.69 (3.15–4.33)	<0.0001
Unknown	2.57 (1.75–3.77)	<0.0001	1.92 (1.28–2.88)	0.0017
Medical history
Pulmonary tuberculosis
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	2.82 (2.35–3.38)	<0.0001	1.72 (1.39–2.11)	<0.0001
Primary lung cancer
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	2.85 (2.47–3.28)	<0.0001	1.50 (1.28–1.77)	<0.0001
Myocardial infarction
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	2.02 (1.70–2.40)	<0.0001	1.22 (1.01–1.48)	0.0399
Other heart diseases
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	2.04 (1.80–2.31)	<0.0001	1.36 (1.18–1.56)	<0.0001

Note:

a Model was adjusted for age, sex, BMI and smoking history.

Abbreviations: AL, airflow limitation; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.

Table 3 Subcategories of other heart diseases associated with the presence of AL

Explanatory variable	Patients without AL (n=9,589)	Patients with AL (n=2,309)	Unadjusted		Adjusteda
	n (%)		OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Endocarditis	33 (0.3)	10 (0.4)	1.25 (0.62–2.56)	0.5235	0.92 (0.40–2.14)	0.8485
Heart valve disorder	706 (7.4)	296 (12.8)	1.85 (1.60–2.14)	<0.0001	1.33 (1.14–1.56)	0.0004
Myocarditis and cardiomyopathy	57 (0.6)	16 (0.7)	1.17 (0.69–2.04)	0.5967	1.02 (0.56–1.86)	0.9614
Arrhythmia	892 (9.3)	359 (15.6)	1.79 (1.57–2.05)	<0.0001	1.19 (1.03–1.38)	0.0217
Heart failure	528 (5.5)	274 (11.9)	2.31 (1.98–2.69)	<0.0001	1.53 (1.29–1.81)	<0.0001

Note:

a Model was adjusted for age, sex, BMI and smoking history.

Abbreviations: AL, airflow limitation; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.

Table S1 Association between presence of AL and medical history of 22 disease categories

Explanatory variable	Unadjusted		Adjusteda
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Sex
Female	0.38 (0.34–0.42)	<0.0001	0.59 (0.52–0.67)	<0.0001
Male	Reference		Reference
Age (10-year age increase)	1.95 (1.87–2.03)	<0.0001	1.99 (1.90–2.09)	<0.0001
BMI (1 kg/m^2 increase)	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	0.0006	0.96 (0.95–0.98)	<0.0001
Smoking history (pack-years)
0–14	Reference		Reference
15–24	1.81 (1.52–2.16)	<0.0001	1.78 (1.46–2.17)	<0.0001
25–49	3.60 (3.20–4.06)	<0.0001	2.60 (2.24–3.00)	<0.0001
≥50	6.88 (6.04–7.84)	<0.0001	3.69 (3.15–4.33)	<0.0001
Unknown	2.57 (1.75–3.77)	<0.0001	1.92 (1.28–2.88)	0.0017
Medical history
Pulmonary tuberculosis
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	2.82 (2.35–3.38)	<0.0001	1.72 (1.39–2.11)	<0.0001
Malignant neoplasm
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.20 (1.10–1.32)	<0.0001	0.91 (0.82–1.01)	0.0700
Cancer of oropharynx and trachea
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.66 (1.32–2.09)	<0.0001	1.08 (0.84–1.40)	0.5380
Primary lung cancer
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	2.85 (2.47–3.28)	<0.0001	1.50 (1.28–1.77)	<0.0001
Thyroid disease
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.69 (0.61–0.79)	<0.0001	1.02 (0.88–1.18)	0.8025
Diabetes mellitus
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.23 (1.13–1.35)	<0.0001	0.91 (0.82–1.00)	0.0600
Hyperlipidemia
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.53 (1.35–1.75)	<0.0001	1.11 (0.96–1.29)	0.1446
Major depressive disorder
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.91 (0.59–1.41)	0.6701	0.81 (0.51–1.29)	0.3754
Essential hypertension
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.82 (1.63–2.05)	<0.0001	1.1 (0.96–1.25)	0.1597
Myocardial infarction
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	2.02 (1.70–2.40)	<0.0001	1.22 (1.01–1.48)	0.0399
Other heart diseases
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	2.04 (1.80–2.31)	<0.0001	1.36 (1.18–1.56)	<0.0001
Arteriosclerosis
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.45 (1.23–1.70)	<0.0001	1.08 (0.90–1.30)	0.3945
Cerebrovascular disease
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.47 (1.26–1.70)	<0.0001	0.94 (0.79–1.11)	0.4517
Cerebral infraction and TIA
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.59 (1.35–1.87)	<0.0001	0.96 (0.80–1.15)	0.6542
Arterial thrombosis
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.54 (1.35–1.76)	<0.0001	1.12 (0.97–1.30)	0.1291
Acute bronchitis
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.21 (0.89–1.65)	0.2187	1.1 (0.76–1.55)	0.5769
Pneumonia
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.64 (1.40–1.90)	<0.0001	1.15 (0.96–1.37)	0.1254
Liver disease
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.22 (1.09–1.36)	0.0003	0.98 (0.87–1.10)	0.7210
Rheumatoid arthritis
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.84 (0.69–1.02)	0.0863	0.94 (0.76–1.17)	0.6052
Gout
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.57 (1.02–2.41)	0.0392	1.04 (0.63–1.71)	0.8830
Osteoporosis
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.93 (0.73–1.19)	0.5628	0.97 (0.74–1.26)	0.8073
Kidney disease
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.25 (1.11–1.40)	0.0001	1.01 (0.89–1.14)	0.9361

Note:

a Model was adjusted for age, sex, BMI and smoking history.

Abbreviations: AL, airflow limitation; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; TIA, transient cerebral ischemic attack.