Prevalence and associated factors of COPD among Aboriginal peoples in Canada: a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of Aboriginal cohort aged 35 years or older

Outcome variables		Percentage		Total
COPD (n=8,117)	With COPD	6.80		552
	Without COPD	93.20		7,565
Independent variables		With COPD	Without COPD	Total
Type of smoker (n=8,080)	Daily	9.44	90.56	2,659
	Occasional	6.22	93.78	643
	Not at all	5.40	94.60	4,778
Demographic characteristics
Aboriginal identity (n=8,058)	First Nations	6.61	93.39	3,508
	Métis	7.93	92.07	3,583
	Inuit	3.21	96.79	967
Sex (n=8,117)	Male	5.67	94.33	3,705
	Female	7.75	92.25	4,412
Age group (n=8,117)	35–44 years	3.69	96.31	3,636
	45–54 years	7.08	92.92	1,948
	55+ years	11.05	88.95	2,533
Marital status (n=8,114)	Single or never married	7.94	92.06	1,448
	Separated, divorced or widowed	11.38	88.62	1,406
	Married or living common-law	5.25	94.75	5,260
BMI (n=7,746)	Obese	8.38	91.62	2,519
	Overweight	4.70	95.30	2,806
	Normal weight	7.60	92.40	2,315
	Underweight	13.21	86.79	106
Socioeconomic indicators
Total personal income in 2011 (n=7,569)	$50,000 and greater	2.66	97.34	2,406
	$40,000–$49,999	3.91	96.09	717
	$30,000–$39,999	5.80	94.20	931
	$20,000–$29,999	6.42	93.58	950
	$10,000–$19,999	13.83	86.17	1,374
	$5,000–$9,999	14.61	85.39	486
	<$5,000	7.09	92.91	705
Highest level of education attained (n=8,016)	Post-secondary certification or university degree	4.52	95.48	3,497
	Completed secondary education and/or some post-secondary education	6.94	93.06	1,932
	Did not complete secondary education	9.66	90.34	2,587
Environmental variables
Crowding index (n=8,027)	Greater than one person per room	5.23	94.77	555
	One person or fewer per room	6.93	93.07	7,472
Regular medical doctor (n=8,112)	Yes	7.58	92.42	6,184
	No	4.30	95.70	1,928
Health care needed but not received past 12 months (n=8,086)	Yes	12.10	87.90	1,116
	No	5.95	94.05	6,970

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Table 2 Univariate analysis of self-reported COPD among Aboriginal cohort aged 35 years or older

Variables		Odds ratio (95% CI: lower to upper)	P-value (α=0.25)
Type of smoker (ref=not at all)	Daily	2.55 (1.92–3.39)	<0.0001
	Occasional	1.65 (0.96–2.85)
Demographic characteristics
Aboriginal identity (ref=First Nations)	Métis	1.01 (0.76–1.34)	0.0023
	Inuit	0.43 (0.26–0.71)
Sex (ref=female)	Female	0.78 (0.58–1.04)	0.0930
Age group (ref=ages 35–44 years old)	45–54 years	2.63 (1.81–3.80)	<0.0001
	55+ years	3.01 (2.19–4.13)
Marital status (ref=single or never married)	Separated, divorced or widowed	1.57 (1.09–2.26)	<0.0001
	Married or living common-law	0.70 (0.49–0.99)
BMI (ref=normal weight)	Obese	0.95 (0.69–1.31)	0.0268
	Overweight	0.65 (0.44–0.95)
	Underweight	2.14 (0.84–5.49)
Socioeconomic indicators
Total personal income (ref=$50,000 and greater)	$40,000–$49,999	1.24 (0.66–2.31)	<0.0001
	$30,000–$39,999	2.02 (1.13–3.63)
	$20,000–$29,999	2.07 (1.18–3.63)
	$10,000–$19,999	4.80 (3.02–7.61)
	$5,000–$9,999	5.24 (3.08–8.93)
	<$5,000	2.27 (1.30–3.97)
Highest level of education attained (ref=post-secondary certification or university degree)	Completed secondary education and/or some post-secondary education	1.21 (0.84–1.73)	<0.0001
	Did not complete secondary education	2.25 (1.62–3.14)
Environmental variables
Crowding index (ref=one person or fewer per room)	Greater than one person per room	0.96 (0.54–1.70)	0.8773
Regular medical doctor (ref=yes)	No	1.33 (0.93–1.91)	0.1174
Health care needed but not received past 12 months (ref=no)	Yes	2.71 (1.94–3.78)	<0.0001

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Table 3 The association between risk factors and COPD via logistic regression modeling

Variables		Odds ratio (95% CI: lower to upper)	P-value (α=0.05)
Type of smoker (ref=not at all)	Daily	2.28 (1.65–3.14)	<0.0001
	Occasional	1.64 (0.873–3.14)
Demographic characteristics
Aboriginal identity (ref=First Nations)	Métis	0.90 (0.66–1.23)	0.0113
	Inuit	0.42 (0.24–0.74)
Age group (ref=ages 35–44 years)	45–54 years	2.56 (1.73–3.78)	<0.0001
	55+ years	3.04 (2.14–4.30)
Marital status (ref=single or never married)	Separated, divorced or widowed	1.33 (0.87–2.04)	0.0131
	Married or living common-law	0.77 (0.50–1.18)
Socioeconomic indicators
Total personal income (ref=$50,000 and greater)	$40,000–$49,999	1.07 (0.56–2.03)	<0.0001
	$30,000–$39,999	1.93 (1.04–3.58)
	$20,000–$29,999	1.57 (0.87–2.88)
	$10,000–$19,999	3.31 (1.99–5.52)
	$5,000–$9,999	4.21 (2.39–7.41)
	<$5,000	1.88 (1.04–3.40)
Environmental variables
Health care needed but not received past 12 months (ref=no)	Yes	1.83 (1.27–2.65)	0.0012